It was slowly injected through the catheter until GFV and their f

It was slowly injected through the catheter until GFV and their feeding vessels (posterior gastric vein, short gastric vein, or left gastric vein) were visualized. Transvenous administration of 4000 U human haptoglobin (Haptoglobin; Mitsubishi Pharma, Osaka, Japan) was performed to prevent renal failure and hemolysis due to the injection of 5% EOI18. The balloon was left inflated overnight. The next day venography was used to confirm the blood flow interruption in the shunt

and embolization of the gastric varix. Then the balloon was deflated, and the balloon catheter was removed. If embolization was insufficient, additional administration of EOI was performed. Four weeks after the treatment, abdominal contrast-enhanced CT was performed and total obliteration of GFV and SRS was confirmed (Fig. 1). LY2109761 datasheet Endoscopic examinations were performed in all patients every 6 months after the study began. If esophageal varices worsened and became risky, prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) was performed. Abdominal CT was performed every 12 months, and it was confirmed that HCC did not occur in

a 36-month period. The end-point of this study was death of the patient or, in the SRS (+) group, performance of Imatinib mouse B-RTO or endoscopic injection therapy with cyanoacrylate for aggravated GFV in a period of ≥ 36 months. Both of the treatments affect SRS and the study was completed in 5 years from the beginning in each patient. The data in the tables are shown as mean ± standard deviation, and the data in the figures are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. anova was used for patient background including age, sex, underlying disease, Child–Pugh classification, and Child–Pugh score. Analysis was performed using a t-test for the variceal form and SRS diameter. Analysis

was performed using the Tukey–Kramer test for the comparison of total bilirubin levels, albumin levels, prothrombin times, and Child–Pugh scores among the three groups. For comparison of variables within a group, a paired t-test was used for analysis. Analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method for cumulative survival rates. The differences 上海皓元 among groups were compared using a log–rank test. anova was used to analyze deaths and aggravation of varices during the follow-up period. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was established as significant. Statistical analysis was performed using spss 10.0J (spss, Chicago, IL, USA). Table 1 shows the ages, sexes, causes of liver cirrhosis, Child–Pugh classifications, and Child–Pugh scores of the SRS (−), SRS (+) and B-RTO groups. The table also shows the endoscopic variceal forms and SRS diameters of the SRS (+) and B-RTO groups. There were no significant differences in any parameters among the groups.

Here, we engineered a micropatterned

co-culture (iMPCC) p

Here, we engineered a micropatterned

co-culture (iMPCC) platform in a multi-well format that, in contrast to conventional confluent cultures, significantly enhanced the functional maturation and longevity of iHeps in culture for at least 4 weeks in vitro when benchmarked Volasertib clinical trial against multiple donors of PHHs. In particular, iHeps were micropatterned onto collagen-coated domains of empirically optimized dimensions, surrounded by 3T3-J2 murine embryonic fibroblasts, and then sandwiched with a thin layer of ECM gel (Matrigel™). We assessed iHep maturity via global gene expression profiles, hepatic polarity, secretion of albumin and urea, basal CYP450 activities, phase-II conjugation, drug-mediated CYP450 induction, and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Controlling both homotypic interactions between iHeps and heterotypic interactions with stromal fibroblasts significantly

matures iHep functions and maintains them for several weeks in culture. In the future, iMPCCs could prove useful for drug screening, studying molecular mechanisms underlying iHep differentiation, modeling liver diseases, and integration into human-on-a-chip systems being designed to assess multi-organ responses to compounds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. “
“It has been suggested that there could be three possible mechanisms of gastric dysfunction in patients with FD: (i) delayed gastric ABT-737 manufacturer emptying, (ii) impaired gastric accommodation of food intake, and (iii) hypersensitivity to gastric distention. Postprandial fullness seems to be the most severe symptom in patients who report aggravation of their symptoms after meals. Therefore, MCE it has been assumed that delayed gastric emptying and consequent prolonged antral distension could reduce hunger, increase satiety, and even cause gastric discomfort, all of which would pose a significant barrier to adequate nutrition. We previously reported that postprandial water intake inhibits gastric antral motility along with an increase of cholecystokinin (CCK) in normal subjects. We assumed that the rapid increase of CCK after water

intake was initiated by a feedback mechanism related to the inflow of fatty chyme into the duodenum that inhibits gastric antral activity. This duodeno-gastric interaction is known as the “duodenal break.” We also reported that total gastric emptying was more rapid after the intake of a high-viscosity liquid meal than after a low-viscosity meal, because the low-viscosity liquid meal inhibits gastric empting after rapid initial inflow into the duodenum. Considering these results, we hypothesized that rapid gastric emptying, rather than delayed gastric emptying, could be a cause of FD. In some patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), we have found a significant correspondence between PDS-related dyspepsia and accelerated gastric emptying in the early postprandial period.

Here, we engineered a micropatterned

co-culture (iMPCC) p

Here, we engineered a micropatterned

co-culture (iMPCC) platform in a multi-well format that, in contrast to conventional confluent cultures, significantly enhanced the functional maturation and longevity of iHeps in culture for at least 4 weeks in vitro when benchmarked find more against multiple donors of PHHs. In particular, iHeps were micropatterned onto collagen-coated domains of empirically optimized dimensions, surrounded by 3T3-J2 murine embryonic fibroblasts, and then sandwiched with a thin layer of ECM gel (Matrigel™). We assessed iHep maturity via global gene expression profiles, hepatic polarity, secretion of albumin and urea, basal CYP450 activities, phase-II conjugation, drug-mediated CYP450 induction, and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Controlling both homotypic interactions between iHeps and heterotypic interactions with stromal fibroblasts significantly

matures iHep functions and maintains them for several weeks in culture. In the future, iMPCCs could prove useful for drug screening, studying molecular mechanisms underlying iHep differentiation, modeling liver diseases, and integration into human-on-a-chip systems being designed to assess multi-organ responses to compounds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. “
“It has been suggested that there could be three possible mechanisms of gastric dysfunction in patients with FD: (i) delayed gastric Sirolimus in vitro emptying, (ii) impaired gastric accommodation of food intake, and (iii) hypersensitivity to gastric distention. Postprandial fullness seems to be the most severe symptom in patients who report aggravation of their symptoms after meals. Therefore, MCE it has been assumed that delayed gastric emptying and consequent prolonged antral distension could reduce hunger, increase satiety, and even cause gastric discomfort, all of which would pose a significant barrier to adequate nutrition. We previously reported that postprandial water intake inhibits gastric antral motility along with an increase of cholecystokinin (CCK) in normal subjects. We assumed that the rapid increase of CCK after water

intake was initiated by a feedback mechanism related to the inflow of fatty chyme into the duodenum that inhibits gastric antral activity. This duodeno-gastric interaction is known as the “duodenal break.” We also reported that total gastric emptying was more rapid after the intake of a high-viscosity liquid meal than after a low-viscosity meal, because the low-viscosity liquid meal inhibits gastric empting after rapid initial inflow into the duodenum. Considering these results, we hypothesized that rapid gastric emptying, rather than delayed gastric emptying, could be a cause of FD. In some patients with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), we have found a significant correspondence between PDS-related dyspepsia and accelerated gastric emptying in the early postprandial period.

4A, middle panel) In contrast, as compared with regular chow (CH

4A, middle panel). In contrast, as compared with regular chow (CHD), none of the fatty liver–inducing diets (HSD, HFD, and MCD) affected the level of ATGL mRNA expression (Fig. 4A, right panel). It is noteworthy that although MCD diet induced the largest TG accumulation in the liver compared with feeding with other diets (Table 1), it did not have any effect on the mRNA Doramapimod cell line expression of the three different patatin-like

family members (Fig. 4A). In any case, there was no evidence of compensatory adjustment in hepatic Pnpla5 or ATGL expression in the absence of Pnpla3 in the liver (Fig. 4A, middle and right panels). We next examined the mRNA expression of PNPLA family genes in perigonadal CHIR-99021 in vitro WAT in wild-type and Pnpla3−/− mice. As reported previously22 and confirmed by us, Pnpla3 expression in the WAT of wild-type mice was significantly induced by HSD diet (∼2.5-fold) and slightly up-regulated by HFD diet (∼1.5-fold,

not significant; Fig. 4B, left panel). Under the same conditions, the expression of Pnpla5 was not significantly affected (Fig. 4B, open bars, middle panel). The mRNA expression of ATGL was not altered under the different diets in the wild-type WAT; furthermore, the diets did not affect ATGL mRNA in WAT in the two genotypes (Fig. 4B, right panel). Interestingly, the mRNA level of Pnpla5, normally expressed in WAT at very low level compared with the other two paralogs (Lake et al.23 and our own data), was up-regulated by ∼5-fold in Pnpla3−/− mice fed regular chow (CHD). This up-regulation of Pnpla5 was also observed in the gonadal fat of

Pnpla3−/− mice fed HSD or HFD, although a little less in the HFD group (Fig. 4B, solid bars, middle panel). It thus appears that increased mRNA expression of another patatin-like family member, Pnpla5, may partly compensate for the loss of Pnpla3 in mice, specifically in WAT, but not in liver. Genome-wide association studies have identified the Pnpla3/adiponutrin gene to be associated with obesity and insulin sensitivity,13, 21, 24 and more recently with nonalcoholic,3-5 as well as alcoholic, fatty liver disease6 and elevated AST and ALT,3, 5 implicating PNPLA3 in the control of body fat, liver fat, and whole-body glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, medchemexpress to our surprise, we found that loss of Pnpla3 in mice does not have any effect on body weight, adiposity, or plasma lipid or glucose levels (Fig. 1 and Supporting Table 1), nor does it cause detectable alterations in hepatic TG content or serum ALT and AST levels (Table 1). Furthermore, the whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity remained normal. These were evident whether the Pnpla3-null mice were fed CHD, HFD, HSD, or MCD regimens or in mice bred into a genetic obesity Lepob/ob background. We conclude that Pnpla3 appears dispensable for liver TG metabolism and normal adipose development in mice.

RBV dose reduction was needed in 33% and blood transfusion in 16%

RBV dose reduction was needed in 33% and blood transfusion in 16%. Infections were rare and there were no deaths. Early treatment discontinuation occurred in 24%, more often due to treatment futility (14%) than adverse events (10%). A sustained VR at week 12 post-treatment (SVR12) was achieved in 82% (95/115) of non-cirrhotics and 66% (28/42) of cirrhotics. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, presence of cirrhosis (OR 2.75, p = 0.03, CI 1.1–6.91) LDE225 clinical trial and non-IL28B CC (OR 11.73, p = 0.024, CI 1.39–98.69) were associated with failure to achieve SVR12. Conclusion: In this first

multi-center real-world study of clinical experience with BOC in Australia, treatment of a large well-compensated cohort with BOC demonstrated acceptable efficacy and safety data that were comparable to that in registration studies. Proteasome inhibitor MA CHINNARATHA,1 M-Y(A) CHUANG,2 R FRASER,1,2 RJ WOODMAN,1 AJ WIGG1,2 1School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, 2Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia Percutaneous thermal ablation techniques [Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) and Microwave Ablation (MWA)] are commonly used worldwide

for treating early stage primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and are considered a curative treatment in properly selected candidates. This meta-analysis aims to compare the safety and effectiveness of the two modalities. Methods: Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane central) were searched from Jan 1980 to Mar 2014 for retrospective and prospective studies in humans and in English language comparing RFA and MWA. Abstracts in AASLD and EASL meetings for the past 3 years were also reviewed. Study quality was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Primary outcome was the risk of local tumor progression (LTP); Secondary outcomes were complete ablation (CA) rate and major adverse events (AE) with these two techniques. Fixed/ random-effects model were used depending on the degree of heterogeneity and the outcomes reported using pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. Results: Overall, 10 studies (2 prospective

上海皓元医药股份有限公司 and 8 retrospective) with 1298 subjects were included. There was no difference in LTP rates between RFA and MWA [OR (95%CI): 1.01 (0.73–1.41), p = 0.9] (Fig 1). The CA rate [1.03 (0.64–1.66), p = 0.9] and major AE [0.56 (0.27–1.18), p = 0.13] were also similar between the two modalities. Subgroup analyses based on quality of studies, type of MWA generator used and treating very early or early BCLC stage HCC showed no difference in LTP rates between the two modalities. However, MWA showed lower LTP rates when treating larger/multiple tumors outside Milan criteria [1.88 (1.1–3.23), p = 0.02]. Only one prospective study compared the duration of the procedures and MWA sessions are an average 20 minutes less compared to RFA sessions.

2 It is proposed that the condition of DPM arises from a persiste

2 It is proposed that the condition of DPM arises from a persistence or lack of remodeling of the embryonic ductal plate normally observed during IHBD formation. ARPKD, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease;

DPM, ductal plate malformation; HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor; IHBD, intrahepatic bile duct; PDS, primitive ductal structure; SOX9, SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9; TβRII, transforming growth factor receptor type II; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1. From a developmental point of view, the cells that contribute to the IHBD system are a subpopulation of hepatoblast bipotential progenitors located near portal veins. This subpopulation of hepatoblasts forms a band of potential cholangiocytes, termed a ductal plate, encircling the portal veins. Remodeling of ductal plates into IHBDs start at the oldest ductal plates surrounding the larger http://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html portal veins near the hilum and is thought to move toward the periphery of liver following the portal vein system. The ductal plate cells

that remain unincorporated into an IHBD then involute. If the unincorporated ductal plate cells do not receive or are deaf to the proper signals, they may contribute learn more to DPM. Thus, there is a level of coordination that must regulate sequential tubulogenesis and regression of the ductal plates along portal veins within the three-dimensional space of the liver MCE to connect the entire IHBD system to the extrahepatic ductal system. This indicates that careful orchestration of signals between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is required to guide IHBD formation.3 In this issue of HEPATOLOGY, the report by Raynaud et al.4 gives the general term DPM a new set of classifications according

to distinct defects in biliary tubulogenesis. This article reassesses how DPM observed in human congenital liver disease might result from various tubulogenesis defects in light of a defined transient asymmetry step identified during the process of mouse IHBD maturation.5 This step delineates the structure surrounding a forming lumen as either a primitive ductal structure (PDS) or a mature duct. PDS is composed of two cell types as distinguished by the presence or absence of marker expression (SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 9 [SOX9], hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 [HNF4], and transforming growth factor receptor type II [TβRII]) compared to a mature duct. The PDS is asymmetrical; cells on the portal vein side of the lumen express the marker SOX9, compared to cells on the parenchymal side that express HNF4 and TβRII. A mature duct is symmetrical, composed of cells expressing SOX9. To evaluate DPM, the authors focused their investigation on differentiation, polarity, and ciliogenesis in mouse models and human cases of DPM. Raynaud et al.

7–5 months, and it could predict a better survival in unresctable

7–5 months, and it could predict a better survival in unresctable HCC patients treated with sorafenib combined with Nivolumab manufacturer TACE. Key Word(s): 1. sorafenib; 2. adverse events; 3. overall survival; 4. HCC; Presenting Author: LEI LIU Additional Authors: YAN ZHAO, HUI CHEN, XINGSHUN QI, YONGZHAN NIE, GUOHONG HAN, KAICHUN WU, DAIMING FAN Corresponding Author: GUOHONG HAN Affiliations: Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases Objective: The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) represents a major advance in the treatment

of complications of portal hypertension. However, this procedure is contraindicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVTT). This study was done to evaluate the effect of TIPS in those patients with portal hypertension and determine the predictors of survival after TIPS creation. Methods: Between 2005 and 2011, 58 consecutive HCC patients

with PVTT were enrolled in this study due to their portal hypertension. All the patients underwent TIPS placement to treat the portal hypertension. Effective shunt creation was assessed by the decrease of the portal pressure gradient (less than 12 mmHg) or if good patency and flow were seen on a Doppler examination. Complications and patient survival were evaluated after TIPS. Results: After TIPS, none the 58 patients experienced major complications such as hemorrhage or contrast extravasation, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Portosystemic pressure gradient was decreased http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html by 14 mmHg (51.5%) on average. Severe diarrhea was controlled successfully in all 9 patients (100%). During the follow-up period (range 11.0–1713 days;

mean 78.5 days), 56 patients died and two remained alive. The median survival period after TIPS was 77 days. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that ascites (p = 0.026), white blood cell (p = 0.007) and degree of thrombosis (p < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for patient survival. Conclusion: TIPS may be safe and effective for the palliative treatment of portal hypertension in HCC patients with PVTT. Ascites, white blood cell and degree 上海皓元 of thrombosis were poor prognostic factors for determining the patient survival period after TIPS. Key Word(s): 1. TIPS; 2. HCC; 3. PVTT; 4. portal hypertension; Presenting Author: MEI-HSUAN LEE Additional Authors: HWAI-I YANG, YU-JU LIN, CHIN-LAN JEN, SHENG-NAN LU, YONG YUAN, GILBERT L’ITALIEN, CHIEN-JEN CHEN Corresponding Author: MEI-HSUAN LEE Affiliations: National Yang-Ming University; Genomics Research Center; Department of Gastroenterology; Global Health Economics and Outcome Research; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Objective: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) near IL28B (rs8099917 and rs12979860) have been documented to be associated with antiviral response or spontaneous HCV clearance in chronic hepatitis C patients in previous genome-wide association studies.

The maximum force was measured and bond strength computed Data w

The maximum force was measured and bond strength computed. Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (α= 0.05). Results: Airborne particle abrasion significantly Selleckchem PD0325901 decreased MTBS values (p= 0.043), and ZirLiner application did not have a significant effect on MTBS values compared to control. Cyclic loading did not have a significant effect on MTBS values. The predominant failure mode in all groups was mixed. Conclusions: Airborne particle abrasion of the interfacial surface of the Everest® Y-TZP core significantly decreased the MTBS to ZirPress veneering porcelain when compared to no interfacial

surface treatment. Application of ZirLiner to the interfacial surface of the Everest® Y-TZP core did not significantly increase or decrease the MTBS to ZirPress veneering porcelain, compared to the other surface treatments. Cyclic loading did not affect bond strengths in any of DNA Damage inhibitor the groups, regardless of surface treatment. Neither cyclic loading nor surface treatment affected the failure mode of the specimens. “
“The purpose of this study was to examine the abrasive and cleaning effects of melamine foam and other cleaning agents on the surfaces of composite resin artificial tooth specimens. A stained composite resin artificial tooth in a used denture was cleaned using a denture brush and melamine foam, and the stain removal effect was evaluated macroscopically. Next, 5 types of cleaning material (fourfold-compression melamine

foam, MEL; brush with water,

BRU; denture dentifrice without abrasive, POL; denture dentifrice with abrasive, TAF; conventional dentifrice, AQU) and 15 plate-shaped specimens made of composite resin for artificial teeth were used for wear tests. The surface roughness was measured using a laser scanning microscope. Furthermore, the surface properties were observed using a digital microscope. Surface roughness data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Artificial tooth stains that could not be removed by brushing became removable using melamine foam. With regard to surface roughness in the context of the wear test, significant differences were MCE公司 not indicated between MEL and POL, whereas BRU-, TAF-, and AQU-treated specimens showed significantly increased surface roughness (p < 0.05). In the comparison among the cleaning materials, TAF- and AQU-treated specimens showed significantly rougher surfaces than those treated with MEL, BRU, and POL (p < 0.05). Macroscopic observations suggest that melamine foam would be effective for the removal of stains on composite resin artificial teeth. Traces of wear were not observed in specimens treated with melamine foam and the denture dentifrice not containing abrasives. It was suggested that these two materials would be desirable and useful to use for composite resin tooth cleaning. "
“The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of full-contour (Y-TZP) zirconia surface roughness (glazed vs.

This study included 15 BA patients and five control patients with

This study included 15 BA patients and five control patients with neonatal hepatitis (NH) who were followed at National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH). Their ages and gender are listed in Supporting Table 1. The diagnosis of BA or NH in patients was based on the pathologists’ reports on biopsies. Needle biopsy samples were obtained from five infants (Supporting Table 1, patients 1-5) with NH without metabolic or transport defects. BA liver tissues were taken by wedge biopsy from nine infants (Supporting Table 1, patients 6-14) who underwent the Kasai operation for BA. They were further Maraviroc supplier divided into two groups retrospectively

according to the clinical features at the end of 12-month follow-up after the Kasai operation: three patients (patients 6-8) who were jaundice

free and with good bile flow (BA1) and six patients (patients 9-14) who had jaundice and finally underwent liver transplantation (BA2). In addition, liver tissues were also obtained from six children (Supporting Table 1, patients 15-20) with advanced-stage BA at the time of liver transplantation (LT). Near-normal liver tissues were the nontumor parts of surgically removed liver tissues from two patients with colon cancer metastasized to the liver. Two human fetal liver samples were obtained after legal termination of pregnancy (gestational age: ≈18 weeks). For liver tissues of other cholangiopathies (Supporting Table 2), archived paraffin tissues were obtained from the Department selleck kinase inhibitor of Pathology, NTUH. All liver tissues in this study were obtained after acquiring written informed consent from parents. The protocol for this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of NTUH. All pathological samples were stored in liquid nitrogen prior to use and handled according to the approved IRB protocol. Details are provided in the Supporting Materials and Methods section. Primers for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR)

are listed in Supporting Table 3. All Q-PCR reactions were performed in triplicate unless noted otherwise, normalized to control, and presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Antibodies and dilutions used are listed in Supporting Table 4. The protocol used to generate 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 the mouse model has been reported.18 Details are provided in the Supporting Materials and Methods. Animal procedures in this study were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the Institutional Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of NTUH. Animals received humane care according to the guide published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA. The mouse fetal liver cell line, Hepo-2, which consists of mostly differentiated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and the hepatoblast-derived cell line N8, which consists of mostly bipotential cells, were established from the liver of C57BL6 mice at E14.5 using a reported protocol.

The subjects were required to have more than 2 migraine attacks p

The subjects were required to have more than 2 migraine attacks per month over the previous 3 months, and had a history of moderate to severe pain, typically preceded by a mild pain phase during migraine attacks. All LY294002 supplier patients had to be capable of understanding the procedures, be able to record the effects, and agree to take the study medications according to the dosing recommendations. In addition, subjects had to be able to distinguish migraine from nonmigraine headaches at the onset of an attack. Female patients of fertile age were required

to use adequate contraception. Key exclusion criteria of the trial were as follows: Complex form of migraine Medication overuse headache History of chronic tension-type headache, ophthalmoplegic, basilar and hemiplegic migraine Pregnancy and breastfeeding Uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg or systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg) History or clinical evidence of cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disorder Diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or plasma glucose concentration ≥ 200 mg/dL) Respiratory problems (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea) Hematological disorders (bone marrow depression) Benign prostatic hyperplasia Closed-angle glaucoma

Serious illness (physical or psychiatric disorders) Drug and alcohol abuse Allergy or hypersensitivity to Buparlisib in vitro promethazine or triptans Concurrent use of ergotamine-containing drugs, monoamine oxidize inhibitors, antidepressants, lithium The present study consisted of 2 visits: screening and final visit. At

screening visit, after obtaining the signature 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 on the informed consent form, inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed to determine subjects’ eligibility. At baseline assessment, demographic information, medical, medication, and migraine history were documented. The patients were asked to consider the migraine therapy typically utilized during the 6 months prior to enrollment when answering the questions. A physical and neurological examination and diagnostic headache interview were performed by attending neurologists during recruiting process. All physicians participating in the study were staff at SUMS. After the screening phase, eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to 2 study groups. The randomization was performed according to a computer-generated randomization scheme and implemented by the study coordinators at each center. On study entry, patients who had given their informed consent were assigned a randomization number. The randomization number remained intact until data entry and analysis had been completed. All patients received 2 identical packs of double-blinded study medications containing either tablet of promethazine (25 mg) plus sumatriptan (50 mg) or sumatriptan (50 mg) plus placebo matched to promethazine.