7 and 8 The activity of angelicin has been checked by using

two experimental cell systems, the human leukemic K562 cell line and human erythroid progenitors from normal donors. It has been observed that angelicin is a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation, gamma globin gene expression and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production, thereby making it useful in the treatment of beta-thalassemia. 7 Rapamycin is a macrocyclic fermented product produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Initially, its role as an antitumor and antifungal agent was tested. As it possesses lymphopenic properties therefore it is known to be a useful immunosuppressant. 9 It is AG-014699 in vitro FDA (food and drug administration) approved agent used for the prevention of acute renal allograft rejection. Its activity was tested by using two cell systems, the human leukemia K562 cell line and human erythroid progenitors isolated from normal donors and beta-thalassemia patients. When K562 cells were cultured in the presence of rapamycin, it induced activation and differentiation of K562

cells. Differentiation of K562 cells is associated with an increased expression of γ globin mRNA. It has been observed that rapamycin is more efficient than hydroxyurea for stimulating the production of γ globin mRNA and increasing HbF level. Rapamycin was found to increase HbF level in beta-thalassemic patients. 10 FT (fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii MAXIM) is one of the most commonly used Chinese STK38 herbs. According to the Chinese medicine theory, FT is useful in treating breast cancer, diabetes, leukemia and bronchial diseases. Trametinib manufacturer It has been reported that the ethanol extract of FT significantly increased γ-globin mRNA expression and HbF level in K562 cultured cells. Its inducing effect is due to up-regulation of

p38 MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) signaling pathway and down-regulation of ERK (extracellular regulated protein kinase) signaling pathway. An ethanolic extract of the FT increases the HbF level to 2.6 folds in beta-thalassemia cells. Its inducing effect has been found to be more as compared to hydroxyurea positive control cells. The component of FT extract responsible for inducing HbF level in cultured cells is still unknown. There is a need to find out the component responsible for HbF induction by checking the activity of all the components present in raw FT. In order to promote the usage of FT ethanol (FT-EtOH) extract for the treatment of thalassemia, there is a need to elucidate the effect of FT-EtOH on precursor cells obtained from normal and beta-thalassemic patients. The potency of the extract should be examined clinically and its toxic effect should be checked for ensuring its safety on human subject. 11 Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) is the popular fruit of Reggio Calabria region, South Italy. The peel of the ripe fruit is the source of bergamot oil.