Phorbol-myristate -acetate (PMA, 1 μM) or butyric acid (2 mM) was used as a positive control for Caco-2/ap1-luc-1 or HT-29/ap1-luc-6 reporter cells respectively. Luciferase p38 MAPK inhibitors clinical trials activity was measured using the ONE-Glo™. Luciferase Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and quantified as relative luminescence units (RLU). All measurements were performed using a microplate reader (Infinite 200, Tecan). Statistical analysis Data are expressed as a mean ± standard error (SEM) calculated over three independent

experiments performed in triplicate. Analysis of statistical significance were performed by ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (adhesion and cytotoxicity assays) or Student’s t-test (IL-8 secretion, NF-κB and AP-1 activation assays) Acknowledgements This work was supported by a BRI grant (Bourse Régionale Industrielle) from the Région Haute-Normandie this website and BIOGALENYS. OL is supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework RG7112 concentration Programme (FP7/2007-2013): MetaHIT, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201052. We thank Mihai Covasa and Christine Farmer for revising the English manuscript. References 1. Hirakata Y, Izumikawa K, Yamaguchi T, Igimi S, Furuya N, Maesaki S, Tomono K, Yamada Y, Kohno S, Yamaguchi K, et al.:

Adherence to and penetration of human intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Infect Immun 1998,66(4):1748–1751.PubMed 2. Plotkowski selleck MC, de Bentzmann S, Pereira SH, Zahm JM, Bajolet-Laudinat O, Roger P, Puchelle E: Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization by human epithelial respiratory cells depends on cell differentiation, polarity, and junctional complex integrity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999,20(5):880–890.PubMed 3. Zaborina O, Kohler JE, Wang Y, Bethel C, Shevchenko O, Wu L, Turner JR, Alverdy JC: Identification of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical

isolates that are highly disruptive to the intestinal epithelial barrier. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006, 5:14.PubMedCrossRef 4. Chapalain A, Rossignol G, Lesouhaitier O, Merieau A, Gruffaz C, Guerillon J, Meyer JM, Orange N, Feuilloley MG: Comparative study of 7 fluorescent pseudomonad clinical isolates. Can J Microbiol 2008,54(1):19–27.PubMedCrossRef 5. Rajmohan S, Dodd CE, Waites WM: Enzymes from isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens involved in food spoilage. J Appl Microbiol 2002,93(2):205–213.PubMedCrossRef 6. Wei B, Huang T, Dalwadi H, Sutton CL, Bruckner D, Braun J: Pseudomonas fluorescens encodes the Crohn’s disease-associated I2 sequence and T-cell superantigen. Infect Immun 2002,70(12):6567–6575.PubMedCrossRef 7. Sutton CL, Kim J, Yamane A, Dalwadi H, Wei B, Landers C, Targan SR, Braun J: Identification of a novel bacterial sequence associated with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2000,119(1):23–31.PubMedCrossRef 8. Dalwadi H, Wei B, Kronenberg M, Sutton CL, Braun J: The Crohn’s disease-associated bacterial protein I2 is a novel enteric t cell superantigen.