Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity and total protein, determined using the bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit. For ease of comparison, values for cells with pGL3-Bach1 and pRL-TK transfection were Selleck Doxorubicin set equal to 1. The HCV infectious clone pJ6/JFH1, the full-length chimeric genome with the core-NS2 regions from the infectious J6 (genotype 2a) and NS3-NS5B regions from the infectious JFH1 (genotype 2a), was generously provided by C. M. Rice (the Rockefeller University, New York, NY). The production of J6/JFH1-based cell culture–generated

HCV has been reported.25 In brief, the pJ6/JFH1 plasmid was linearized with XbaI and purified by ethanol precipitation, digestion with proteinase K, and phenol-chloroform extraction. The linearized plasmid was used as a template for in vitro transcription using the MEGAscript T7 kit

(Ambion, Austin, TX). For HCV RNA transfection, Huh-7.5 cells were plated selleck inhibitor in 24-well plates 1 day prior to transfection and transfected at 70%–80% confluence. Cells were transfected at an RNA/Lipofectamine ratio of 1:2 by using 2 μg/well of HCV RNA and 4 μL/well Lipofectamine 2000 for 48 hours. To infect naïve Huh-7.5 cells, cell culture supernatants from the cells transfected with HCV RNA for 48 hours were collected and filtered through a 0.20 μm filter, and added to cultures of naïve Huh-7.5 cells. The pFK-Con1 construct (genotype 1b)21 was a kind gift of Dr. R. Bartenschlager (University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany). Mutant pFK-Con1 (pFK-Con1-Mut) with mutations in four nucleotides in the putative binding sites for miR-196 was generated by GENEWIZ, Inc. (South Plainfield, NJ) and confirmed by sequencing. pFK-Con1–wild-type (WT) and pFK-Con1-Mut were linearized with AseI and ScaI. In vitro transcription MCE and transfection were performed as described. Western blotting was performed using the standard

protocols of our laboratory as reported.10 The method is described in detail in the Supporting Materials and Methods. Total RNA from tested cells was extracted, and complementary DNA was synthesized.10 qRT-PCR was performed using primers as reported19, 26 and as described in detail in the Supporting Material and Methods. Initial analysis showed that results were normally distributed. Therefore, parametric statistical procedures were used. The Student t test (for comparison of two conditions) or analysis of variance (for comparisons among more than two) was used to analyze the differences among means. Values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results. All experiments included at least triplicate samples for each treatment group. Representative results from single experiments are presented. Statistical analyses were performed with JMP 4.0.4 software from SAS Institute (Cary, NC). An online search of the TargetScan 4.2 database (http://www.targetscan.