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risk factors and anti-osteoporotic treatments in the Valencia region, Spain. The baseline characteristics of the ESOSVAL cohort. Osteoporos Int. Epub 2012 May 23″
“1. Introduction Prostate carcinoma is the most common malignancy in men in Western countries, accounting for more than 240 000 cases in the US in 2011.[1] Although its mortality is relatively low compared with other malignancies, it is currently

the second leading cause of cancer death in men, with more than 28 000 deaths in the US in 2011.[1] Castration-resistant prostate carcinoma (CRPC) is defined by the following criteria: castrate serum levels of testosterone (<50 ng/mL); three consecutive rises in the levels of prostate-specific 4-Hydroxytamoxifen research buy antigen (PSA) 1 week apart, resulting in two 50% increases over the nadir; antiandrogen withdrawal for at least 4 weeks for Thiamine-diphosphate kinase flutamide and for at least 6 weeks for bicalutamide; PSA progression despite consecutive hormonal manipulations; and progression or appearance of two or more bone lesions in bone scintigraphy, or in soft tissue, following the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria, or nodes >2 cm in diameter.[2] This progression occurs despite androgen deprivation therapy, and in this setting the estimated overall survival (OS) is about 18 months when docetaxel-based treatment is used.[3] Nevertheless, this does not mean the tumor is fully resistant to subsequent hormonal therapies: that is why the term ‘hormone-resistant prostate cancer’ has been replaced by the term ‘castration-resistant prostate cancer’. Even with castrate levels

of testosterone, prostate cancer cells can still be hormone driven. Several studies have shown amplification and/or overexpression of androgen receptor (AR), intratumoral synthesis of androgens acting in a paracrine manner, and epigenetic alterations that influence AR activity.[4–6] Lowering of circulating testosterone levels is initially effective at blocking tumor growth, but prostate cancer will progress despite this.[7] In the past few years, several agents have been approved by regulatory agencies in the metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) setting post-docetaxel, such as abiraterone[8] and cabazitaxel.[9] Recently, a phase III trial of abiraterone in patients with mCRPC in the pre-docetaxel setting has also proven its superiority to placebo-prednisone.