01, Table 2). The effect of Bacteroidetes is also clearly shown in the RDA plot (Figure 3), which reveals the bacterial groups principally contributing to the difference among the groups of subjects. The microbiota differences ARN-509 in vivo between the health groups shown in the RDA are significant as assessed by MCPP (p= 0.01) and a total of 9.1% of the variation within the dataset could be related to the health status of the infants. In contrast to the Bacteroidetes, specific bacterial groups from the most abundant groups of the Firmicutes phylum – Clostridium clusters

IV and XIVa – were significantly more abundant in children with eczema (Table 2, Figure 4). In summary, the multiple differences in specific bacterial groups result in microbiota

profiles that are significantly distinct between healthy and eczematous infants as assessed by MCPP (p=0.01, Figure 3). Figure 2 Simpson’s reciprocal index of diversity in healthy children and children with eczema. The box extends from 25th percentile to 75th percentile, with a line at the median; the whiskers extent to the highest and lowest values. * Statistically LGK-974 price significant difference, p=0.03. Table 2 Statistically significant differences in microbiota of healthy and eczematous children Phylum-like level Genus-like phylogenetic group Mean relative abundance* (SD) 18 months p-value Healthy Eczema   Bacteroidetes   4.20 (4.21) 1.61 (0.36) 0.01   B. fragilis et rel. 0.49 (0.74) 0.13 (0.03) 0.01   B. ovatus et rel. 0.20 (0.23) 0.09 (0.02) 0.03   B. plebeius et rel. 0.08 (0.03) 0.06 (0.01) 0.02   B. stercoris et rel. 0.08 (0.03) 0.06 (0.01) 0.02   B. uniformis et rel. 0.12 (0.21) ND < .001   B. vulgatus et rel. 1.08 (1.80) 0.23 (0.15) 0.045   P. tannerae et rel.

0.06 (0.04) ND 0.03 Clostridium cluster IV C. leptum et rel. 0.97 (1.36) 1.78 (1.19) 0.03   R. bromii et rel. 0.25 (0.44) 0.44 (0.28) 0.03   C. cellulosi et rel. Adenosine 0.81 (0.78) 1.27 (0.65) 0.03 Clostridium cluster XIVa R. lactaris et rel. 0.12 (0.16) 1.87 (2.83) 0.04   C. nexile et rel. 1.65 (0.80) 2.05 (0.85) 0.02 * % of total HITChip signal ND, below the detection level. Figure 3 RDA plot of the microbiota composition of healthy and eczematous children at 18 months of age. selleck chemicals llc Responding bacterial groups that contributed more than 35% of the variability of the samples are indicated by blue arrows. P-value obtained by Monte Carlo Permutation Procedure was 0.01. Abbreviations: B., Bacteroides, C., Clostridium, L., Lactobacillus, E., Eggerthella, Eub., Eubacterium, P., Papillibacter, R., Ruminococcus. Figure 4 Relative contribution of phylum-like bacterial groups to the total HITChip signals of healthy and eczematous infants at 6 and 18 months of age. Groups contributing for at least 1% to the profiles are presented in the legend. * Statistically significant difference between healthy children and children with eczema at 18 months (p= 0.01).