5 nM, as estimated from measurements of the zinc-specific 19F-NMR signal of a fluorinated metal chelating probe (Benters et al., 1997). Zinc is an element present in more than 70 different enzymes that function in many aspects of cellular metabolism, involving metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The observations

performed in 1961 on Iranian males have shown that zinc deficiency may cause growth retardation and hypogonadism in humans (Prasad et al., 1961). Following studies later showed that zinc was essential for humans and that zinc deficiency was prevalent in the Middle East (Prasad et al., 1963). Zinc deficiency is related to poor dietary zinc intake, excessive dietary phytate intake, chronic illness or over-supplementation with iron or copper. Zinc deficiency incidence in well-nourished humans is unknown due to difficulties in sufficiently diagnosing zinc deficiency and the diversity of its metabolic roles. Other symptoms of zinc buy Carfilzomib deficiency include loss of appetite, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, delayed wound healing, impaired reproduction and poor immune function. Zinc helps manage insulin action and blood glucose ITF2357 solubility dmso concentration and has an essential role in the development and maintenance of the body’s immune system. Severe zinc deficiency is rare and usually caused by genetic or acquired conditions. Zinc is a redox inert metal and does not participate in oxidation-reduction

reactions. Zinc’s function as an antioxidant involves two different mechanisms: (i) the protection of sulphydryl groups of proteins against free radical attack and (ii) reduction of free

radical formation through the prevention mechanisms or in other words antagonism of redox-active transition metals, Ketotifen such as iron and copper (Bray and Bettger, 1990). Any of these models result in a decreased reactivity of sulphydryl groups. The first model considers direct binding of zinc to the sulphydryl groups, the second model assumes binding of zinc to a binding site close to the sulphydryl groups and finally the third assumed binding of zinc to another site of the protein resulting in a conformational change of the protein. Zinc was found to protect various sulphydryl-containing proteins, for example dihydroorotase (Kelly et al., 1986), DNA zinc-binding proteins (zinc fingers) (Klug and Rhodes, 1987), protein farnesyltransferase (Fu et al., 1996) and others. The process of protein oxidation is a site-specific reaction and oxidative modifications occur predominantly around the metal binding site. In the second mechanism outlined above, there are two potential processes that would antagonize/prevent the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The first process involves removal or “pull” of the metal from its binding site through the use of a high-affinity ligand-chelator. The second process consists of “pushing” the redox metal off of its binding site through replacement by an isostructurally similar redox-inactive metal (e.g.