7±0.6 34.3±0.3 Final body weight (g) 37.1 ± 2.1 35.7 ± 1.3* Body weight gain (g) 2.8 ± 1.4 1.4 ± 1.0** Food intake (g/day) 4.4 ± 0.3 4.9 ± 0.3*** Food efficiency ratio 0.7 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.0*** Abdominal tissue (g)     Epididymal 0.48 ± 0.0 0.42 ± 0.10* Perirenal 0.15 ± 0.0 0.12 ± 0.04 Mesenteric 0.51 ± 0.0 0.48 ± 0.07 Total adipose tissue 1.15 ± 0.1 1.03 ± 0.17* The change of body weight, food intake and adipose tissue weight. CON: untreated with training, SP: silk peptide-treated with training. Values are presented as means ± standard deviations (n=36). Significant RGFP966 difference between groups are indicated by *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Effect of the maximal oxygen uptake In the SP group, the after 2 weeks

of training increased significantly (8%) when compared ARN-509 ic50 with that observed before training (before, 126.8 ± 6.4 mL/kg/min; after, 136.3 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min); a similar result was not observed in the CON group (Figure 1). Figure 1 Change in the maximal oxygen uptake before and after training. CON: distilled

water with training, SP: silk peptide-treated with training. Values are presented as means ± standard deviations (n = 12). § vs. Before, P < 0.05. Energy metabolism alterations find more during exercise The oxygen uptake and RER was shown the time effect, but not different between the groups (Figure 2A,B). Fat oxidation during a 1-h exercise period was calculated from the and values, and a significant time effect and an interaction were observed (Figure 2C). The sum of fat oxidation during a 1-h period tended to be 13% higher in the SP group than in the CON group (P < 0.077; Figure 2D). In particular, fat oxidation was significantly increased during the initial 20-min phase in the SP group, compared with that in the CON group (P < 0.05; Figure 2E). Figure 2 Change in Adenosine the oxygen uptake, RER and fat oxidation level during a 1-h exercise period. CON: distilled water with training, SP: silk peptide-treated with training. A, the change in oxygen uptake over a 1-h period; B, the change in RER over a 1-h period; C, the change in fat oxidation over a 1-h period; D, the sum of the fat oxidation over

a 1-h period; E, fat oxidation during the 20-min period. Values are presented as means ± standard deviations (n = 12). † vs. CON P < 0.077; * vs. CON, P < 0.05. Blood analysis The plasma glucose levels was not significantly different between the groups at any time point. However, The plasma of glucose levels was significantly lower immediately after exercise time point than rest time point in the SP group and this increase was recovered at the 1 h post-exercise (recovery phase) (Figure 3A). The insulin and FFA levels did not differ between the groups at any time point (Figure 3B,C). Figure 3 Changes in the plasma glucose, insulin and FFA levels during exercise and after 1 h of exercise.