All animals received care in compliance with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Mice were gradually habituated to a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with 5% ethanol (vol/vol) over a period of 2 weeks, then maintained on the 5% diet for 4 weeks. Consumption was recorded

daily throughout and isocaloric amounts of a non–alcohol-containing diet (in which dextran-maltose replaced calories from ethanol) were dispensed to pair-fed animals. Weights were recorded weekly. Wild-type (WT) mice (C57/Bl6), Alb-Cre, and HIF-1flox/flox mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME). LSL-HIF1dPA mice were a

kind gift of William Kim (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC). The HIF1dPA allele was engineered by Kim et check details al.10 Briefly, a stop codon is flanked by loxP sites upstream of a HIF-1α transgene in which a proline-to-alanine substitution enables the transgene to escape recognition by proline hydroxylases and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Coexpression of the albumin-cre transgene excises the stop codon, and subsequently enables expression of the transgene in hepatocytes. LSL-HIF1dPA and HIF-1flox/flox mice were bred against Cre mice as described,10, 11 tagged by ear notching, and housed in separate

cages.10, 11 Prior to the conclusion of the study, some mice were randomly buy Nivolumab assigned to receive lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Sigma) injection (500 μg/kg) or saline injection. Mice were sacrificed 18 hours after LPS injection. At the conclusion of the feeding, mice were weighed and euthanized. Livers were excised and weighed, and portions were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for protein and biochemical assays, preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for histopathological analysis, or soaked in RNALater (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) for RNA extraction. Blood was collected and serum was separated for see more biochemical analysis. Tail snips were collected for genotyping. Nuclear extracts were prepared via sucrose gradient centrifugation and two-step purification as described.17 Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined using a commercially available reagent (Advanced Diagnostics Inc., Plainfield, NJ) as described.17 Liver triglycerides were quantified as described using a commercially available kit (Wako Chemicals USA Inc., Richmond, VA).17 Sections of formalin-fixed livers were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and analyzed via microscopy. Frozen sections were prepared from liver tissue frozen in OCT media and stained with Oil Red O. Photomicrographs were analyzed with Metamorph software.