Bound anti-IL-15 was visualized

by anti-rabbit antibody (Invitrogen). Antibodies were labeled with Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 647, FITC, or allophycocyanin. BM was analyzed on a Quorum Spinning Disk Confocal Microscope, equipped with an ASI motorized XY stage. Data were analyzed using Volocity software (http://www.perkinelmer.ca/en-ca/pages/020/cellularimaging/products/volocitydemo.xhtml), FK228 in vitro which allowed individual pictures to be linked together to reconstruct the entire femur. Then, after identifying red fluorescent T cells at low magnification, the direct contacts of each transferred memory T cells were enumerated for each set of stains. Where indicated, for comparison of two groups, p-values were obtained using the Student’s t-test (unpaired, two-tailed, 95% confidence interval). One-way ANOVA was used to compare multiple groups, and statistical significant differences with p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 were indicated as *, **, and ***, respectively. We thank Byoung Kwon, National Cancer Center, Korea, for 4–1BB−/– mice; Robert Mittler, Emory University, for provision of the 3H3 anti-4–1BB and 19H3 anti-4–1BBL hybridomas, Hideo Yagita of Juntendo University for provision of the TKS-1 hybridoma; Peter Doherty and Paul Thomas, St. Jude

Children’s Research Hospital, for providing influenza A/HKx31-OVA; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease tetramer facility for MHC I tetramers, and Birinder Ghumman and Thanuja Proteasome inhibitor Ambagala for technical assistance. This research was funded by grant number MOP 84419 from the Canadian Institutes

of Health Research (CIHR) to T.H.W. T.H.W. holds the Sanofi Pasteur chair in Human Immunology at the University of Toronto; G.H.Y.L. was funded by a CIHR doctoral award. F.E. was funded by Amylase a research fellowship of the German Research Foundation (DFG). A.E.H. was supported by research grant HA5354/4–1 from the German Research Foundation (DFG). The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited. Figure S1. Defective CD8 T cell recall response to influenza virus in the absence of 4–1BB in mice. Figure S2. Gating used for analysis of CD8 T cell response after influenza infection. Figure S3. 4–1BBL+ cells are enriched in the BM CD11c+ MHC-IIneg fraction. Figure S4. Analysis of chimerism following the generation of radiation bone marrow chimeras. Figure S5. Gr1+ and B220+ do not overlay and therefore are not pDC. Figure S6. 4–1BBL is expressed on Gr1lo cells and not B cells in the bone marrow of unimmunized mice. “
“Estradiol regulates chemokine secretion from uterine epithelial cells, but little is known about estradiol regulation in vivo or the role of estrogen receptors (ERs).