Candida inocula were confirmed by determining the colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) on YPD. A Hamilton syringe was used

to deliver Candida inocula at 105 cells/larvae in a 10 μL volume into the hemocoel of each larva via the last left proleg. Before injection, the area was cleaned using an alcohol swab. After injection, larvae were incubated in plastic containers (37°C), and the number of dead G. mellonella was scored daily. Larvae were considered dead when they displayed no movement in response to touch. Killing curves were plotted and statistical analysis was BYL719 order performed by the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test using Graph Pad Prism statistical software. Results Antifungal susceptibility of oral

and systemic Candida isolates The data of Candida strains identification and susceptibility to antifungal drugs (MIC) are shown in Table 1. The range of MIC to fluconazole was 0.125 to 64 μg/mL both for oral and systemic isolates. The resistance to fluconazole was observed in 5 (23%) oral isolates (4 C. albicans and 1 C. krusei) and 1 (8%) systemic isolate of C. tropicalis. The MIC to amphotericin B ranged from 0.25 to 2 μg/mL for oral isolates and from 0.25 to 1 μg/mL for systemic isolates. Biofilm formation by oral and systemic Candida isolates All isolates of oral and systemic candidiasis formed biofilm on silicone pads, but the quantity of biofilm mass was different for the species studied ranging from 2.17 to 6.61 mg. Biofilm formation was highest in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis followed by C. tropicalis and C. norvegensis. Biofilm Alectinib datasheet mass formed by C. albicans differed significantly from biofilm mass produced by C. norvegensis (P = 0.009), C. parapsilosis (P = 0.003), C. glabrata (P = 0.001), C. krusei (P = 0.001), C. lusitaniae (P = 0.001), and C. kefyr (P Decitabine = 0.001). Biofilm produced by C. dubliniensis was significantly different from biofilm mass produced by C. parapsilosis (P = 0.046), C. glabrata (P = 0.025),

C. krusei (P = 0.013), C. lusitaniae (P = 0.007), and C. kefyr (P = 0.006) (Table 2 and Figure 1). Table 2 Means and SDs of the biofilm mass (mg) formed on silicone pads and acrylic resin for Candida species studied and p-value obtained for each Candida specie compared to C. albicans (Tukey test, P < 0.05) Candida species Silicone p-value (compared to C. albicans) Acrylic resin p-value (compared to C. albicans) C. albicans 6.61 ± 0.70 – 1.12 ± 0.68 – C. tropicalis 3.66 ± 2.22 0.062 1.41 ± 1.25 0.998 C. parapsilosis 2.87 ± 0.98 0.003 1.50 ± 0.57 0.982 C. glabrata 2.81 ± 2.09 0.001 1.15 ± 0.67 1.000 C. dubliniensis 5.85 ± 1.30 0.989 1.25 ± 0.50 1.000 C. lusitaniae 2.22 ± 0.86 0.001 1.25 ± 0.50 1.000 C. norvegensis 3.22 ± 0.66 0.001 0.25 ± 0.50 0.347 C. krusei 2.42 ± 0.84 0.001 0.25 ± 0.50 0.347 C. kefyr 2.17 ± 0.26 0.001 1.00 ± 0.00 1.000 Figure 1 Means and SDs of the biofilm mass formed on silicone pads and acrylic resin for Candida species studied.