dobzhanskycenter. org) that catalogues genome variations of M. tuberculosis strains collected across Russia. GMTV contains a broad spectrum of data derived from different sources and related to M. tuberculosis molecular biology, learn more epidemiology, TB clinical outcome, year and

place of isolation, drug resistance profiles and displays the variants across the genome using a dedicated genome browser. GMTV database, which includes 1084 genomes and over 69,000 SNP or Indel variants, can be queried about M. tuberculosis genome variation and putative associations with drug resistance, geographical origin, and clinical stages and outcomes. Conclusions: Implementation of GMTV tracks the pattern of changes of M. tuberculosis strains in different geographical areas, facilitates disease gene discoveries associated with drug resistance or different clinical sequelae, and automates comparative genomic analyses among M. tuberculosis strains.”
“Aims: Postoperative pain is a major problem. Electroacupuncture (EA) has C59 molecular weight been accepted as a useful and low-risk complementary therapy for post-operative pain. Animal studies indicate that surgical incision activates p38 MAPK in the

spinal microglia, which critically contributes to post-incisional nociceptive development. How EA affects incision-induced p38 activation is important but yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: Male adult rats received plantar incision (PI) at the right hind paw followed by 30-min EA of 4-Hz, one of two intensities (3 and 10 mA), and at right

ST36 (Zusanli) acupoint immediately after PI and for 3 successive days. EA analgesia was evaluated by von Frey fibers and Hargreaves’ tests. Spinal p38 activation was examined by immunostaining. In separate groups. SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, was intrathecally injected alone or with EA to test the combining effect on nociception and spinal phospho-p38. Key findings: EA of 10-mA significantly ameliorated PKC412 chemical structure mechanical allodynia, but 3-mA did not. None of them altered thermal hyperalgesia. Repeated EA could not inhibit phospho-p38 in the PI rats, contrarily, EA per se significantly induced phospho-p38 in the normal rats. Intrathecal SB203580 injection dose-dependently prevented PI-induced allodynia. Combination of low-dose SB203580 and 3-mA EA, which were ineffective individually, profoundly reduce post-PI allodynia. Significance: We demonstrated that 10-mA EA exerts a significant inhibition against post-PI mechanical hypersensitivity via a p38-independent pathway. Importantly, co-treatment with low-dose p38 inhibitor and 3-mA EA can counteract spinal phospho-p38 to exert strong analgesic effect. Our finding suggests a novel strategy to improve EA analgesic quality. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Epigenetic modification can affect many important biological processes, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. It can alter chromatin conformation and contribute to gene regulation.