Estimates of 50% high-cutoff values for spatial and temporal frequency ( Figures 3C and 3D) were also

obtained from the model HIF inhibitor fit (from cross-sections at R(sf, tf0) and R(sf0, tf), respectively). For estimation of the optimal linear classifier of frequency preferences, (sf0, tf0), between AL and PM, we performed linear discriminant analysis and found that the optimal classifier line described was given by log2(sf0) = −5.39 + 0.997∗log2(tf0), which corresponds approximately to an iso-speed line given by speed = tf / sf = 41.9°/s (yellow line, Figure 3B). For the spatial frequency × direction protocol, we first found the preferred orientation (averaged across spatial frequencies), and estimated the peak spatial frequency (at the neuron’s preferred orientation). We then computed orientation and direction selectivity indices as (Rpeak − Rnull) / (Rpeak + Rnull) at the neuron’s preferred spatial frequency (for direction estimates, Rpeak = preferred direction, Rnull = response at 180° from preferred; for orientation estimates, Rpeak = preferred orientation, Rnull = response at 90° from preferred; Kerlin et al., 2010 and Niell and Stryker, 2008). For analyses of influences of locomotion on spatial and temporal frequency responses (Figures 6, S2, and S6),

we divided trials for each stimulus type into C59 wnt molecular weight those in which any wheel motion was observed in the 5 s of stimulus presentation (“moving” trials) and those that lacked any movement (“still” trials).

In a subset of experiments (Figure S2), we analyzed eye position using custom Matlab implementation of a previously described algorithm for pupil tracking (Zoccolan et al., 2010). We thank Glenn Goldey for surgical contributions, Anthony Moffa and Paul Serrano for behavioral training, and Sergey Yurgenson for technical contributions and eye-tracking code. Aleksandr Vagodny, Adrienne Caiado, and Derrick Brittain provided valuable technical assistance. We also thank John Maunsell, Bevil Conway, Jonathan Nassi, Christopher Moore, Rick Born, and members of the Reid Lab—especially Vincent Bonin—for advice, suggestions, and discussion. This work was supported Megestrol Acetate by NIH (R01 EY018742) and by fellowships from the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation (M.L.A. and L.L.G.), the Ludcke Foundation and Pierce Charitable Trust (M.L.A.), and the Sackler Scholar Programme in Psychobiology (A.M.K.). “
“Specialized neural circuits process visual information in parallel hierarchical streams, leading to complex visual perception and behavior. Distinct channels of visual information begin in the retina and synapse through the lateral geniculate nucleus to primary visual cortex (V1), forming the building blocks for visual perception (Nassi and Callaway, 2009).