Fernandez et al. (2003) identified Eimeria species in samples containing from two to eight oocysts originated from experimental infections, using the same methodology. Yet, Haug et al. (2007) observed

that there is a variation in the detection of each Eimeria species, depending on the number of oocysts used and the technique adopted for DNA extraction. selleck products In field samples, many factors may interfere in the success and effectiveness of diagnosis by PCR, especially in regards to the presence of contamination. According to Haug et al. (2007) the DNA extraction process in stool samples is influenced by the formation of inhibitors of Taq DNA polymerase that affect the reaction. At least three Eimeria species were simultaneously identified using a multiplex PCR. These data are consistent with literature that reveals the occurrence of mixed infections in animals, thus hindering the accurate diagnosis of the species applying techniques traditionally Romidepsin mw used ( Long and Joyner, 1984, Shirley, 1995 and Williams, 2001). In Japan, Kawahara et al. (2008) identified E. brunette 65.6%, E. maxima and E. necatrix 50%, E. tenella 37.5%,

and E. acervulina at 25% in the properties evaluated, using real time PCR for the detection of ITS-1. In China Sun et al. (2009) identified E. tenella, E. praecox and E. acervulina in more than 70% of the properties. Yet in South Korea, Lee et al. (2010) identified a high prevalence of the seven species emphasizing E. acervulina, E. tenella and E. brunetti. These data reinforce the idea that several factors influence the presence and prevalence of Eimeria species in each region. The morphological evaluation of oocysts also resulted in the diagnosis of a wide variety of species in the farms. Luchese et al. (2007) also identified frequencies ranging from 45.52%, 18%, 14% and 12.32% for E. maxima, E. brunetti, E. tenella and E. acervulina, respectively, through the morphology.

Terra et al. (2001), evaluated 60 carcasses of slaughtered broiler chickens in the city of Monte Alegre do Sul, Brazil, and identified frequencies of 90% for E. maxima, 86.4% for E. tenella, 86% for E. mitis, and 25% for E. acervulina and E. necatrix, through the morphology. However, Santos et al. (2003) failed to identify the occurrence Linifanib (ABT-869) of Eimeria species in farms of São Paulo state using morphology, considering the observed overlap in the measurements of oocysts among species and the occurrence of infections caused by mixed infections, preventing diagnosis. According to this data ( Table 1), morphology could be a sensitive method for the discrimination of Eimeria species in field trials. Nevertheless, morphology is a technique with A sort of limitations to be used as a single tool for diagnosis of Eimeria species. It means that results obtained with this method should be carefully interpreted ( Woods et al., 2000 and López et al., 2007).