For these experiments, 4-week-old mouse brains were homogenized under conditions that aim to preserve native interactions and separated into various soluble (S) and pellet (P) fractions (see Experimental Procedures for further details). If the entire synapsin and CamKII population was completely soluble in nonsynaptic S2 fractions, one would expect that these proteins would exclusively migrate in the supernatant (S100) fractions. In line with that, we found that the small signaling molecule RhoGDI, Selleckchem AZD0530 previously used as a soluble marker in neurons (Kimura et al., 2005), is predominantly enriched in the S100

fractions (Figure 5A, bottom). Though the axonal transport of signaling molecules has not been rigorously evaluated by radiolabeling, it is generally believed that their intracellular motion is largely diffusive (Brangwynne et al., 2008, Lillemeier et al., 2001 and Zeng et al., 2001). However, we found significant amounts of both synapsin and CamKII in the P100 pellet fractions (Figure 5A, bottom, see fractions within red box), indicating that fractions

of these proteins in vivo exist in a state that is not entirely soluble. As vesicles are also present in the P100 fractions, we next asked if synapsin and CamKII are associated with vesicles in these fractions. To determine this we subjected the pellet fractions to sucrose-gradient floatation assays and probed them for synapsin and CamKII, as well as classic transmembrane proteins APP and synaptophysin and a peripherally associated membrane Temsirolimus concentration protein (GAP43), all of which are conveyed in fast axonal transport. We found that while all vesicular proteins floated in lighter fractions (as expected), significant quantities of both synapsin and CamKII were present in the high-density fractions that were largely distinct

(but partially overlapping) from the transmembrane proteins (Figure 5B, top). Also, while detergent treatments disrupted the vesicular proteins, they had little effect on the higher density fractions of the two cytosolic proteins (Figure 5B, bottom and Figure S6A). The separation of membranous and cytosolic proteins mafosfamide was also observed in density gradients from axon-enriched corpus callosum preparations from mouse brains (Figure 5C). In contrast, within the synaptosomal (P2) preparations, both synapsin and CamKII were largely (though not exclusively) associated with lighter fractions (Figure S6B) and this association was disrupted by detergent treatment (Figure S6C), suggesting that in synaptic domains these proteins are largely associated with synaptic vesicles (as expected). The presence of synapsin and CamK in higher density fractions within high-speed P100 pellets and their resistance to detergents further suggest that synapsin and CamK in these fractions are organized into proteinaceous complexes.