Simpson et al. [24] developed TxAG-6, an amphidiploid [A. batizocoi K9484 × (A. cardenasii GKP10017 × Arachis diogoi GKP10602)] with resistance to early and late leaf spot (caused by Cerospora arachidicola S. Hori and Phaeoisariopsis personata Berk. & M.A. Curtis, respectively). With an objective of improving resistance, TxAG-6 was then used to generate a backcross population (78 progeny) and used to create a linkage map of RFLP markers [25]. A similar study reported development of amphidiploid AiAd (A. ipaensis × A. duranensis) [26]. This amphidiploid was extensively used

for developing backcross populations by using cultivated tetraploid cultivar Fleur 11 as the recurrent parent and analyzed in different generations (BC1F1, BC2F1, BC3F1, BC2F2, and BC4F3) for linkage mapping [27] and QTL analysis check details [28] and [29] of various agronomic and yield traits. In summary, ABT 199 several introgression lines possessing

disease resistance and other important traits were developed by backcross breeding using two synthetic amphidiploids (ISATGR 5B and ISATGR 278-18) and five cultivs (ICGV 91114, ICGS 76, ICGV 91278, JL 24, and DH 86). In order to assess and harness the full potential of these lines for other important traits, further phenotyping of the lines for a range of traits is required. Thus, these introgression lines possess disease resistance and several other traits useful for future genetic enhancement of groundnut such as improved pod yield, superior oil quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic constraints. The research presented in this article is a contribution from research projects sponsored by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, to UAS-Dharwad and ICRISAT. This work was undertaken as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes. “
“High levels of salt, drought and freezing induce the dehydration of plant cells and thereby impair plant growth, biomass production, and crop productivity [1]. To protect

cells from stress, plants generally respond to these abiotic stresses in a complex, integrated manner that involves many genes, several cellular signal transduction pathways, and many stress-related proteins and enzymes [2]. Given the polygenic nature of abiotic PAK5 stress responses, the development of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants by conventional approaches has been a challenge for plant breeders [3]. The genetic engineering of plants with individual genes gives promise of achieving abiotic stress tolerance with less effort and time. These genes include primarily those governing the accumulation of compatible solutes; those encoding detoxification enzymes, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein, and protein kinases related to the signal transduction of this protein; and those encoding transcription factors [4].