Specifically, it was hypothesized that individuals who undergo treatment with Resettin® would have significantly higher serum levels of testosterone than those receiving the placebo. As illustrated in Figure 1, there were no statistically significant changes in serum

testosterone levels following 14 days of treatment. These findings TAM Receptor inhibitor are somewhat surprising, as they are in contrast to similar existing studies within the literature that demonstrated an elevation of testosterone after therapeutic treatment [9,15]. Specifically, a number of previous studies have indeed found significant increases in serum testosterone levels within populations of men. Differences in terms of the participant population may account for why the present findings failed to support that of the extant literature. Specifically, there were meaningful differences in terms of the mean participant age across studies (i.e., 55.6 versus 41.2 years of age). Thus, age-related changes likely explain the lack of significant find more findings, as it is expected that the way

that the body metabolizes, or processes, various supplements will produce variable results within and between populations. Changes related to typical aging are also likely have significant impacts on all processes within the body, and the synthesis of testosterone is no different. Moreover, other differences in sample population characteristics likely account for the divergent findings across these studies. More specifically, compared to a non-placebo controlled trial conducted by Angwafor and Anderson [19], the present sample had many unique characteristics, which may be meaningful in terms of the generalizability of these data. For example, mean baseline concentrations of serum testosterone across the groups ALOX15 were measured to be less than half of the observed concentration levels at baseline in the previous study. Initial observation of DHT concentration across the groups were almost three times

higher in the present study than the baseline DHT serum concentrations observed across all groups in the previous study. Baseline concentrations of estradiol between the two studies were even more divergent. Serum concentrations of estradiol at baseline across the groups were nearly four times higher in the current sample than that of the baseline serum estradiol concentrations observed previously. This is suggestive of underlying sample population characteristics that may account for variable results and additional studies exploring for latent clinical profiles of the androgen response to supplements are needed. Indeed, participants in the present study weighed 10 kg to 15 kg more than the participants in the 2008 non-placebo controlled trial [19]. A wealth of evidence exists linking the accumulation of adipose tissue with detrimental metabolic changes within the body [21–24].