Table 2 Primers used in this study Primer Sequence (5′-3′) JAF 401 # GAG GAA TAA TAA ATG CTG ATT CTG ACT CGT CGA GTT GGT GAG JAF 402 * TTA ATG ATG ATG ATG ATG ATG GTA ACT GGA CTG CTG GGA TTT JAF 403 # this website GAG GAA TAA

TAA TTA ATA TTA TCA AGA AAA GAA A JAF 404 * TTA ATG ATG ATG ATG ATG ATG TTT GAT TAG TTT TTT GCT TA   #Underlined nucleotides indicate a manufacturer recommended addition to remove vector encoded N-terminal leader sequence for expression of the native protein.   *Underlined nucleotides indicate a manufacturer recommended addition to remove vector encoded C-terminal V5 epitope and add a polyhistidine tag for expression of the native protein. PI3K inhibitor plasmid construction Plasmids used in this study (Table 1) were constructed using the pBAD-TOPO® TA Expression Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and initially cloned into One Shot® TOP10 E. coli. The E. coli CsrA complementation plasmid, pBADcsrAEC, was constructed by amplifying the endogenous E. coli csrA allele from MG1655 genomic DNA using primers JAF401 and JAF402. The resulting amplicon was then TA cloned into the pBAD-TOPO vector such that CsrA expression was inducible by arabinose and detectable for western blot analysis by the addition of a C-terminal hexahistidine selleck products tag. The C. jejuni complementation vector, pBADcsrACJ, was constructed by amplifying the C. jejuni csrA allele from 81–176 genomic DNA using primers JAF403 and JAF404

and cloning the resulting amplicon into pBAD-TOPO. Both complementation vectors and empty pBAD-TOPO plasmid were then transformed into the E. coli csrA mutant strain, TRMG1655, and recovered on LB agar containing ampicillin and kanamycin. In all phenotypic testing, we performed arabinose titration experiments (including samples without added arabinose)

to determine the dose-responsiveness of CsrA expression and complementation ability. Glycogen accumulation Glycogen accumulation was assessed using previously described methodologies [36]. Strains were grown at 37°C on Kornberg agar (1.10% K2HPO4, 0.85% KH2PO4, 0.6% yeast extract, 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.5% agar) with or without 2% (v:v) glycerol or 2% (w/v) sodium pyruvate; either glycerol or pyruvate was used as a carbon source as opposed to glucose due to the inhibitory effect of glucose on the araBAD promoter [37]. Briefly, cultures were spotted on agar in the presence or absence of a carbon source and grown overnight at 37°C. Following incubation the cultures were stained by exposure to iodine vapor by inverting the plates over iodine crystals. Motility Motility was quantitated as previously described [38], inoculating semi-solid LB agar (0.35% agar) by stabbing with an inoculating needle dipped into overnight cultures and incubating for 14 hours at 30°C in a humidified incubator. After incubation, the diameter of the zone of motility was measured. Experiments were performed a minimum of three times with no fewer than three replicates per experiment.