The differences between the stations located close to populated areas were related mainly to the distribution of two families in a sample. Podoviridae Selleck AZD2281 (47.7%) and Myoviridae (37.9%) contributed mostly to the differences between groups 1 and 3, Siphoviridae (46.4%) and Podoviridae (43.3%) to the differences between groups 1 and 4, and Siphoviridae (46.2%) to the differences between groups 3 and 4. Significant

differences were observed between all the groups located close to populated areas and the groups in offshore stations in the lagoon (p < 0.05). In general, tailed phages made up more than 97% of the total number of phages detected, and long-tail phages were dominant, with tail lengths from 20 nm to 630 nm (Table 1). Phages with isometric heads were more frequent than prolate phages, and phages with contractile tails were more frequent than phages with non-contractile tails. In earlier reports all phages were considered to form size groups (Bratbak et al. 1990, Cochlan et al. 1993, Mathias et al. 1995, etc.). We placed all the observed phages into 5 size classes (30–60 nm; 60–80 nm; 80–100 nm; 100–120 nm; 120–160 nm), and the relative distribution of these classes was examined at all the study sites. Cluster analysis (75% Bray-Curtis similarity)

revealed that all the study sites in the Curonian Lagoon could be divided into three different groups corresponding to size classes (Figure 4) or three zones corresponding to geographical distribution. Group I, which was dominated selleck chemical Casein kinase 1 by the 30–60 nm and

60–80 nm size fractions, covered 4 stations with elevated water salinity recorded at the time of the study, which shows that mixing with different water bodies took place. Groups II and III represented the distribution of capsid sizes in the freshwater part of the lagoon. Group III covered two stations located in the open part of the lagoon and was dominated by the 30–60 nm size fraction (up to 48%). In group II, the 30–60 nm size fraction did not exceed 10%; the group was dominated by 80–100 nm and 100–120 nm capsid size phages. Both the latter size fractions constituted from 48% to 70% per station respectively. Phage-like particles of 200 nm capsid size (Figure 2aa) were found at stations 1, 8 and 11 with respective frequencies of 1, 1 and 2. These phages were not included in the cluster analysis as outliers. Analysis of size class contributions (SIMPER) to the differences between groups (in Figure 4) revealed that group I (sea water) differed from group II (freshwater) mainly in the 30–60 nm capsid size fraction (57.2%). Differences between the conditionally marine group I and the freshwater group III were due to 80–100 nm (34.9%) capsid phages. The difference between the two freshwater groups was due to the much higher relative abundance of 30–60 nm size fraction phages in group III (52%). Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM, based on Bray-Curtis similarity) revealed significant differences between groups I and III and between groups II and III (p < 0.