The influence of rural residency on liver transplant wait-list mortality has not been previously studied. We hypothesized that residence in a rural setting, by imposing challenges to medical care access, might be associated with inferior survival while waiting for liver transplantation. To test this hypothesis, multivariable time-to-event

analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards and competing risks regression on data from a consecutive five-yr cohort of 159 primary liver transplant candidates, to derive covariate adjusted LY3023414 mouse effect measures for the association between residence in a rural area and wait-list mortality. For the primary analysis, a standardized, census-based, definition was used to assign rural residency status. The KaplanMeier estimated 90-d and one-yr wait-list mortality for the cohort was 7.6% (95% CI: 4.213.8) and 15.6% (95% CI: 9.425.2). The covariate adjusted hazard ratio for the relationship between Rural and Small Town residency status selleck and wait-list mortality was 0.497 (95% CI: 0.1711.438, p = 0.197) for the Cox regression model and 0.628 (95% CI: 0.2241.757, p = 0.376) for the competing risk regression model. As defined in this study, candidate residence in a rural setting was not found to be associated with inferior survival while awaiting liver transplantation.”
“The electrocaloric effect (ECE)

of BaTiO3 multilayer thick film was investigated by direct calorimetric measurement. The ECE increases monotonically with the enhancement of applied field. The maximum ECE occurs above T-c and shifts to higher temperature with increasing applied field. Under an ultrahigh field of 800 kV/cm, it exhibits a giant ECE of Delta T-7.1 K and Delta S-10.1 J/kg.K at 80 degrees C. The ECE heat follows a general power-law relation with the varying rate of AS1842856 applied field within a certain range. A high cooling power (similar to 50 W/kg) is achieved based on the net-cooling resulting from the different varying rates of rising and falling fields. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3658251]“
“Soybeans

(Glycine max Merr.) were grown at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) or chronic elevated ozone concentration ([O(3)]; 90 ppb), and then exposed to an acute O(3) stress (200 ppb for 4 h) in order to test the hypothesis that the atmospheric environment alters the total antioxidant capacity of plants, and their capacity to respond to an acute oxidative stress. Total antioxidant metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, and antioxidant transcript abundance were characterized before, immediately after, and during recovery from the acute O(3) treatment. Growth at chronic elevated [O(3)] increased the total antioxidant capacity of plants, while growth at elevated [CO(2)] decreased the total antioxidant capacity. Changes in total antioxidant capacity were matched by changes in ascorbate content, but not phenolic content.