This review aims to systematically investigate the reproducibility of various new techniques to determine the Cobb angle in idiopathic scoliosis and to assess whether new technical procedures are reasonable alternatives when compared to manual measurement

of the Cobb angle.

Systematic review. Studies examining procedures used to determine the Cobb angle were selected. Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed see more risk of bias. Statistical results of reliability and agreement were summarised and described.

Eleven studies of new measuring procedures were included, all reporting the reproducibility. The new procedures can be divided into computer-assisted procedures, automatic procedures and smartphone apps.

All investigated measuring procedures showed high degrees of reliability. In general, digital procedures tend to be slightly better than Selleck AZD9291 manual ones. For all other measurement procedures (automatic or smartphone), results varied. Studies implementing vertebral pre-selection and observer training achieved better agreement.”
“P>Background: Keloids and hypertrophic scars (HTS) can cause functional impairment

and psychosocial burdens, both of which affects quality of life (QoL). Our aim was to compare Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores in patients with keloids and HTS to those of psoriasis patients and normal controls.

Patients Bafilomycin A1 chemical structure and Methods: Forty-eight consecutive patients with keloids and HTS and 48 with psoriasis vulgaris attending our dermatology outpatient clinic, as well as 48 sex- and age-matched healthy controls completed the DLQI.

Results: Total DLQI scores of patients with keloids and HTS (7.79 +/- 5.10) and psoriasis (8.73 +/- 5.63) were comparable and significantly higher than that of healthy controls (0.58 +/- 0.77). No significant difference were found between patients with psoriasis and patients with keloids and HTS in terms of the total DLQI scores and the subscale scores (p > 0.05) except “”treatment”" (p < 0.05) sub-scale scores

which were higher in psoriasis.

Conclusions: The QoL of patients with keloids and HTS is impaired as much as that of those with psoriasis. The DLQI questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the QoL in patients with keloids and HTS.”
“This study was designed to determine the age-appropriate expanded program of immunization (EPI) coverage in children (under one year) and tetanus toxoid (TT) coverage of their mothers (15-49 years) in Village Wari, District Dir (Upper). A cross-sectional experimental study was carried out by taking 170 children. Child’s mother was interviewed by using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. A total of 170 children (born during December 1, 2010 to July 31, 2011) were not completely vaccinated.