This variability across conditions raises questions for the interpretation of the results: Should we grant participants understanding that one-to-one

correspondence entails exact equality, when they only use one-to-one correspondence for two sets that are visually aligned? Or NLG919 clinical trial should we only draw this conclusion when one-to-one correspondence is used systematically, for all kinds of displays? Second, set-reproduction tasks can overestimate people’s understanding of exact equality. If a person lacks the concept of exact numerical equality altogether and aims to construct a set approximately equal to a target set, using one-to-one correspondence would be a successful strategy to do so: the resulting set would indeed be approximately equal to the model set (in fact, unbeknownst to the set-maker it would even be better than approximately equal, if no mistake has been made).

In line with this observation, Gréco & Morf (1962) noted that some young children switch between one-to-one correspondence and estimation strategies when trying to match the numerosity of an array, as if they did not understand that these two strategies give results of a different nature. Thus, children or adults who have not mastered BIBW2992 cost counting may use one-to-one correspondence as a strategy to achieve an approximate numerical match, without trying to reproduce the numerosity of the target exactly. Although set reproduction is not in itself a strong test of one’s concept of number, eliciting judgments on the impact of set transformations on one-to-one correspondence relations, as in our task, provides more definitive evidence (see also Izard et al., 2008, Lipton and Spelke, 2006 and Spaepen et al., 2011). By eliciting judgments on one-item transformations, we were able to characterize the properties children attribute to one-to-one correspondence mappings, and contrast their conception of one-to-one correspondence

with true numerical equality. We found that young children’s interpretation of one-to-one correspondence encompasses only a subpart of the properties Edoxaban of numerical equality: an understanding that falls short of possessing a concept of exact number. Further research should employ the same type of tasks with other populations, in particular populations without symbols for exact numbers, to evaluate the role these symbols play in the emergence of a concept of exact numerical equality. As we noted in the introduction, past research investigating whether subset-knowers construe number words as referring to exact quantities has yielded mixed results (Brooks et al., 2012, Condry and Spelke, 2008 and Sarnecka and Gelman, 2004). More specifically, out of the four tasks reported in the literature, children failed to interpret number words as referring to exact quantities in three cases.