We also calculated the probability that each effect lies outside specific intervals around the null (RR interval 0.97-1.03, 0.95-1.05, 0.90-1.10).\n\nResults We evaluated 51 eligible tiny

effects (median sample size 112 786 for risk factors and 36 021 for interventions). Most Epigenetic Reader Do inhibitor (37/51) appeared in articles published in 2006-10. The effects pertained to nutrition (n = 19), genetic and other biomarkers (n = 8), correlates of health care (n = 8) and diverse other topics (n = 16) of clinical or public health importance and mostly referred to major clinical outcomes. A total of 15 of the 51 effects were > 80% likely to lie outside the RR interval 0.97-1.03, but only 8 were > 40% likely to lie outside the RR interval 0.95-1.05 and none was > 1.7% likely to lie outside the RR interval 0.90-1.10. The authors discussed at least one concern for 23 effects (small magnitude n = 19, residual confounding n = 11, selection bias n = 1). No concerns were expressed for 28 effects.\n\nConclusions Statistically

significant tiny effects for risk factors and interventions of clinical or public health importance become more common in the literature. Cautious interpretation is warranted, since most of these effects could be eliminated with even minimal GSI-IX inhibitor biases and their importance is uncertain.”
“OBJECTIVES: As an inflammatory reaction after cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is associated with increased morbidity, especially in newborns and infants. We investigated Ro 61-8048 whether different cytokines measured via microdialysis can monitor local inflammation in adipose tissue subcutaneously and predict the development of CLS early, before clinical signs appear. Furthermore,

we investigated whether there are age-related differences between the inflammatory responses in newborns and infants.\n\nMETHODS: We performed a prospective study taking serial measurements of the inflammatory response detected in subcutaneous adipose tissue up to 24 h postoperatively. The cohort consisted of 23 neonates and infants (median age 155, range 6-352 days; median body weight 5.4 kg, range 2.6-9.2 kg) who underwent congenital heart surgery with CPB. Microdialysis catheters were introduced in one lateral thigh subcutaneously using a velocity of 1.0 mu l/min. Serial microdialysis analyses for cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10) and complement activation (C3a) were performed. CLS was quantified by X-ray subcutaneous-thoracic ratios.\n\nRESULTS: The median bypass time was 150 min (range 42-432 min) and the aortic cross-clamp time 76 min (range 0-188 min). Six out of 23 infants developed postoperative CLS. Younger age (P = 0.02) and longer bypass time (r = 0.48; P = 0.021) correlated strongly with the development of CLS.