We hypothesised that faster compressions are associated with decreased depth.

Materials selleckchem and methods: In patients undergoing prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation by health care professionals, chest compression rate and depth were recorded using an accelerometer (E-series monitor-defibrillator, Zoll, USA). Compression depth was compared for rates < 80/min, 80-120/min

and > 120/min. A difference in compression depth >0.5 cm was considered clinically significant. Mixed models with repeated measurements of chest compression depth and rate (level 1) nested within patients (level 2) were used with compression rate as a continuous and as a categorical predictor of depth.

Results are reported as means and standard error (SE). Results and discussion: One hundred and thirty-three consecutive patients were analysed (213,409 compressions). Of all compressions 2% were < 80/min, 62% between 80 and 120/min and 36% > 120/min, 36% were < 4 cm deep, 45% between 4 and 5 cm, 19% > 5 cm. In 77 out of 133 (58%) patients a statistically significant lower depth was observed for rates > 120/min compared to rates 80-120/min, in 40 out of 133 (30%) this difference was also clinically significant. The mixed models predicted

that the deepest LY2606368 compression (4.5 cm) occurred at a rate of 86/min, with progressively lower compression depths at higher rates. Rates > 145/min would result in a depth < 4 cm. Predicted compression GDC 0068 depth for rates 80-120/min was on average 4.5 cm (SE 0.06) compared to 4.1 cm (SE 0.06) for compressions > 120/min (mean difference 0.4 cm, P < 0.001). Age and sex of the patient had no additional effect on depth.

Conclusions: This study showed an association between higher compression rates and lower compression depths. Avoiding excessive compression rates may lead to more compressions of sufficient depth. (C) 2012 Elsevier

Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Methods: aEuro,The 56 eyes of 28 patients who were diagnosed as having overactive bladder and planned to be treated with tolterodine were followed up prospectively in the study. All the patients underwent full ophthalmic examination and scanning with the Pentacam (Oculus, Inc., Wetzlar, Germany) before and 4 weeks after the start date of tolterodine therapy. In addition, the 30 eyes of 15 healthy volunteers were analyzed twice as a control group for repeatability of the measurements.

Results: aEuro,The quantitative descriptors of the anterior chamber before and after the treatment, respectively, were as follows: pupil diameter, 3.02 +/-+/- 0.56 mm and 3.01 +/-+/- 0.55 mm; anterior chamber depth, 2.74 +/-+/- 0.35 mm and 2.75 +/-+/- 0.34 mm; anterior chamber volume, 150.23 +/-+/- 33.95 mm<SU3</SU and 150.27 +/-+/- 34.48 mm<SU3</SU; and anterior chamber angle, 34.56 degrees A degrees +/-+/- 5.68 degrees A degrees and 35.