McCuskey, Narci Teoh, Geoffrey C. Farrell Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized

by hepatic steatosis, elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA) and hepatocyte lipoapotosis. This lipoapoptosis requires activation of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins Bim and PUMA. Keap1 is a BTB-kelch protein that can regulate the expression of Bcl-2 protein and control apoptotic cell death. Yet, a role for Keap1 in mediating hepatocyte lipotoxicity is unknown. In vivo, keap1 deletion worsened insulin resistance and increased hepatocyte injury in diet-induced and genetic obesity, suggesting a protective role of Keap1 regarding these parameters. Thus, our aim was to determine if Keap1 was dysregulated during lipotoxicity by FFA. Methods: Hepatocarcinoma cell lines BTK inhibitor Hep3B and Huh-7, or mouse primary hepatocytes were treated with www.selleckchem.com/products/jq1.html saturated FFA palmitate (PA) (400-600 microM). Keap1, PUMA, Bim expression and JNK activation were examined by real-time PCR and/or immunoblot analysis. Keap1 expression was selectively knocked-down using shRNA. Cell death was assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay, DAPI staining and caspase 3/7 activation using a fluorogenic assay. Results: PA is toxic to liver cells and induces significant cell death by 8h and 16h after

treatment. Interestingly, Keap1 protein underwent rapid selleck chemicals cellular elimination within 2 to 4 hours after treatment with PA. PA-induced decrease in Keap1 protein was associated with JNK activation and upregulation of Bim and PUMA protein levels. In contrast, no alteration in Keap1 expression was noted following incubation with oleic acid, a non-toxic FFA. PA did not alter Keap1 mRNA expression, excluding a transcriptional regulation of Keap1 during this process. Keap1 degradation was not affected by either proteasome inhibition with

MG132, or by pan-caspase inhibition with QVD-OPh. In contrast, disruption of the autophagy pathway, by silencing of the autophagy-related protein p62, prevented Keap1 decrease by PA, indicating that PA-induced decrease in Keap1 is due to autophagy degradation. Stable knockdown of Keap1 expression in Hep3B or Huh-7 cells resulted in increased JNK phosphorylation and downstream upregulation of Bim and PUMA protein expression with subsequent increased cell death. Keap1 knockdown also significantly enhanced PA-mediated cell death and caspase 3/7 activity. Finally, primary hepatocytes isolated from liver-specific keap/- mice, which express higher Bim and PUMA protein levels, displayed increased sensitivity to PA-induced apoptosis than WT mouse hepatocyte. Conclusion: These results implicate p62dependent autophagic degradation of Keap1 by palmitate as a mechanism promoting hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. Disclosures: Arun J.