Nat Rev Immunol 2009,9(5):313–23.PubMedCrossRef 7. Peterson DA, Frank DN, Pace NR, Capmatinib Gordon JI: Metagenomic approaches for defining the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2008,3(6):417–27.PubMedCrossRef 8. Hattori M, Taylor TD: The human intestinal microbiome: a new frontier of human biology. DNA Res 2009,16(1):1–12.PubMedCrossRef 9. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent

M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA: Diversity of the human intestinal flora. Science 2005, 308:1635–1638.PubMedCrossRef XMU-MP-1 manufacturer 10. Andersson AF, Lindberg M, Jakobsson H, Backhed F, Nyrén P, Engstrand L: Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PloS ONE 2008, 3:e2836.PubMedCrossRef 11. Claesson MJ, O’Sullivan O, Wang Q, Nikkila J, Marchesi JR, Smidt H, de Vos WM, O’Toole PW: Comparative analysis of pyrosequencing and a phylogenetic microarray for exploring microbial community structures in the human distal intestine. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e6669.PubMedCrossRef 12. Turnbaugh C646 in vitro PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Heath AC, Knight R, Gordon JI: A core gut microbiome in obese and

lean twins. Nature 2009,457(7228):480–4.PubMedCrossRef 13. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI: An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006,444(7122):1027–31.PubMedCrossRef 14. Frank DN, St Amand AL, Feldman RA, Boedeker EC, Harpaz N, Pace NR: Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007,104(34):13780–5.PubMedCrossRef 15. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, Grangette C, Vasquez N, Pochart P, Trugnan G, Thomas G, Blottière HM, Doré J, Marteau P, Seksik P, Langella P: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory

commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008,105(43):16731–6.PubMedCrossRef 16. Stecher B, Robbiani R, Walker AW, Westendorf AM, Barthel M, Kremer M, Chaffron S, Macpherson AJ, Buer J, Parkhill J, Dougan G, von Mering C, Hardt WD: Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium exploits Adenosine triphosphate inflammation to compete with the intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol 2007,5(10):2177–89.PubMedCrossRef 17. Pédron T, Sansonetti P: Commensals, bacterial pathogens and intestinal inflammation: an intriguing ménage à trois. Cell Host Microbe 2008,3(6):344–7.PubMedCrossRef 18. Mazmanian SK, Round JL, Kasper DL: A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature 2008,453(7195):620–5.PubMedCrossRef 19. Hamady M, Knight R: Microbial community profiling for human microbiome projects: Tools, techniques, and challenges. Genome Res 2009,19(7):1141–52.PubMedCrossRef 20.