The number of alcoholics who have been in treatment or AA is only a small proportion – less

than a quarter – of alcoholics in the general population (Fein and Landman 2005). Our current findings, then, cannot be generalized to the larger population of alcoholics. This limitation could be addressed by investigating the induced theta ERS effect in treatment naïve actively drinking alcoholics Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (TNAs), who make up the bulk of alcoholics in society. TNAs are not simply treated alcoholics observed early in the course of their illness, but rather comprise a separate population with less severe alcoholism (Fein and Landman 2005; Sclafani et al. 2008; Smith and Fein 2010; Fein and GDC-0449 cell line Andrew 2011). Studying TNA, then, will increase our understanding of the societal implications of theta ERS’s role as a biomarker for alcohol abuse’s effect on the brain. Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Institutes for Health, NIH Grants #5R01AA016944 and #5R01AA013659. Conflict of Interest None declared.
Previous research has shown that self-generated information is better remembered than information Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that is passively received (Slamecka and Graf 1978; Basso et al. 1994; Schefft et al. 2008a,b). Improved Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical memory performance on paired associates resulting from self-generation compared with passive reading has been demonstrated in neurologically healthy adults (Slamecka and Graf 1978; Schefft and Biederman 1990; Basso et al. 1994; Vannest et al. 2012)

and also in patients with traumatic brain injury (Schefft et al. 2008a), seizure disorders (Schefft et al. 2008b), Alzheimer’s Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disease (Multhaup and Balota 1997; Barrett et al. 2000), multiple sclerosis (Chiaravalloti and Deluca 2002), Parkinson’s disease (Barrett et al. 2000), schizophrenia (Vinogradov et al. 1997), and temporal or frontal lobectomy (Smith 1996). Such improvements in subsequent memory effect may be driven by multiple causes. First, an active learning process leads to improved mood state and self-esteem, and greater generalization of new knowledge (Schefft and Biederman 1990; Basso et al. 1994; Walsh et al. 1995). Individuals may be more Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical likely to remember information Ketanserin because they feel self-empowered

and motivated by participating in the creation of information (Olofsson and Nilsson 1992; Walsh et al. 1995). In addition, self-generated information may be better remembered because items may be made more distinctive when they are generated, leading to less memory interference (McDaniel et al. 1988). Furthermore, the generation of target words with letter deletion presents an interruption of automatic reading processes, thereby requiring an additional amount of conscious processing (McDaniel et al. 1989). Similarly, the improvements in memory performance may be driven by increased depth of semantic processing, a benefit which is not provided by structural or phonological word processing (Craik and Tulving 1975; Craik 2002; Lespinet-Najib et al. 2004).