To test whether the neural activity is modulated according to the temporally discounted values of individual targets, we also applied the following two models: equation(model 2) S=a0+a1DVL+a2DVR+a3(DVchosen−DVunchosen)+a4C,S=a0+a1DVL+a2DVR+a3(DVchosen−DVunchosen)+a4C, equation(model 3) S=a0+a1DVchosen+a2DVunchosen+a3(DVL−DVR)+a4C.S=a0+a1DVchosen+a2DVunchosen+a3(DVL−DVR)+a4C.

The set of independent variables in each of these three models forms the basis Proteasome inhibitor for the same vector space. Therefore, these three models account for the same amount of variance in the neural activity, and are used to test the statistical significance for different independent variables. To test whether the regression coefficients associated with the temporally discounted values of individual targets are significantly correlated, we repeatedly (n = 10,000) shuffled the spike counts randomly across trials and estimated the p-value from

the frequency of such shuffles in which the correlation coefficient between the regression 3-MA cell line coefficients exceeded the value obtained from the original data (Figure 4). To test whether the activity related to temporally discounted values differs for the intertemporal choice and control tasks, we applied a regression model that includes a series of interaction terms between the dummy variable indicating the task performed by the animal and other variables related to the animal’s choice and Cell press temporally discounted values as follows. equation(model 4) S=a0+a1(DVL+DVR)+a2(DVL−DVR)+a3(DVchosen−DVunchosen)+a4C+a5T+a6T×(DVL+DVR)+a7T×(DVL−DVR)+a8T×(DVchosen−DVunchosen)+a9T×C,S=a0+a1(DVL+DVR)+a2(DVL−DVR)+a3(DVchosen−DVunchosen)+a4C+a5T+a6T×(DVL+DVR)+a7T×(DVL−DVR)+a8T×(DVchosen−DVunchosen)+a9T×C,where

T denotes the task (0 and 1 for the choice and control task, respectively). To test whether the activity was modulated by the magnitude and delay of reward expected from a given target, we also applied the following regression model. equation(model 5) S=a0+a1M+a2DL+a3DR+a4Mchosen+a5Dchosen+a6C,S=a0+a1M+a2DL+a3DR+a4Mchosen+a5Dchosen+a6C,where M denotes the position of the large-reward target (0 and 1 for the trials in which the large reward was assigned to the leftward and rightward targets, respectively), DL (DR) the delay of the reward from the left (right) target, and Mchosen and Dchosen the magnitude and delay of the reward chosen by the animal. The statistical significance of each regression coefficient was determined with a t test (p < 0.05), and the significance for the effect of the reward delays (DL and DR) was adjusted for multiple comparison using the Bonferroni correction.