These findings confirmed that the gpsX gene is involved in biofilm formation in X. citri subsp. citri. Figure 6 Biofilm formation by X . citri subsp. citri strain 306 and its derivatives. Biofilm formation in polystyrene 96-well plates (A), glass tubes (B) and on citrus abaxial leaf surfaces selleck screening library (C) was visualized using crystal violet staining. Biofilm formations in glass tubes were quantified by measuring the optical density at 590 nm after dissolution in ethanol-acetone

(80:20, v/v). WT: wild-type strain 306; M: gpsX mutant 223 G4 (gpsX-); MV: gpsX mutant 223G4V (gpsX-) with empty vector pUFR053; CM: complemented gpsX mutant C223G4 (gpsX+); CK-: XVM2 medium without inoculation of bacteria. All experiments were performed in quadruplicate and repeated three times with similar results, and only one representative result is presented. Means ± standard deviations

are shown. Mutation of gpsX caused impairment in cell motility but no impact on flagellar formation Several studies have indicated that both EPS and LPS are associated with the flagella-independent motility in a couple of bacteria including X. citri subsp. citri [21, 24, 37]. To verify whether a mutation in gpsX has any effect on the cell motility of X. citri subsp. citri, the gpsX mutant was evaluated for the mobile ability on swimming and swarming plates, respectively. The www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-98014.html results showed that a significant reduction (P < 0.05, student's t-test) both in swimming and swarming motility was observed in the gpsX mutant 223 G4 (gpsX-), compared with the wild-type strain (Figure 7). On the tested plates, the diameter of the growth zones resulting from MYO10 migration away from the inoculation points on the agar surface were about 2.5 cm (swimming plates) and 2.0 cm (swarming plates) for the gpsX mutant, and 4.2 cm (swimming plates) and 3.0 cm (swarming plates) for the wild type. The diameter of the complemented strain and the wild-type strain were not significantly different, indicating that the mobility of the mutant could be restored to wild-type levels by gpsX in trans. Flagellum visualization assays using transmission

electron microscope (TEM) showed that both the wild-type and the gpsX mutant strains formed a polar flagellum at the cell surface (data not shown), suggesting that mutation of gpsX has no impact on flagellar formation in Xac. These results indicated that the gpsX is implicated in bacterial motility in X. citri subsp. citri. Figure 7 Motilities of X . citri subsp. citri strains. Cells were inoculated onto NA plates supplemented with 0.25% or 0.60% agar from bacterial ARRY-438162 purchase cultures at exponential stage and photographed after 3 days (0.25% agar plate) and 7 days (0.60% agar plate) of incubation at room temperature (22-23°C). WT: wild-type strain 306; M: gpsX mutant 223 G4 (gpsX-); MV: gpsX mutant 223G4V (gpsX-) with empty vector pUFR053; CM: complemented gpsX mutant C223G4 (gpsX+).

S. aureus infection also led to much higher phagocytosis activity of macrophages and significantly lower ALP activity of osteoblasts at day 7 after infection. This effect could be associated

with the significant increase in H2O2 and O. 2 − levels. It is noteworthy that, besides the significant changes in reactive oxygen species, S. aureus internalization in osteoblasts also led to significantly selleck chemicals higher production of IL-6 and IL-12 [21,46], macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, IL-8, IP-10, RANTES [21,46], and RANK-L and prostaglandin E2 (two important molecules that can promote osteoclastogenesis and bone PKC412 nmr resorption) [47]. Conclusions We compared S. aureus internalization in a phagocytic cell (i.e. macrophage) to a non-phagocytic cell (i.e. osteoblast) and investigated the cells’ responses upon infection. We found that S. aureus could internalize within macrophages and osteoblasts and, upon infection, a significantly higher number of live intracellular S. aureus was observed in macrophages compared to osteoblasts. The viability of macrophages and osteoblasts both decreased with increasing ARRY-162 nmr infection time and macrophages had significantly lower viability during 2 h infection and significantly higher viability during 8 h infection compared to osteoblasts.

Moreover, intracellular S. aureus was found to survive within macrophages and osteoblasts for approximately 5 and 7 days, respectively. The percentage of S. aureus survival within macrophages and osteoblasts decreased with increasing post-infection time, and the percentage of S. aureus survival within macrophages was significantly lower compared to that within osteoblasts. ioxilan Moreover, compared to non-infected controls, S. aureus infection resulted in (i) significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages and osteoblasts, (ii) significantly increased superoxide anion production in macrophages but not in osteoblasts, (iii) significantly lower alkaline

phosphatase activity in infected osteoblasts, and (iv) higher phagocytosis activity in infected macrophages. Methods Reagents Tryptic soy agar (TSA, w/5% sheep blood) plates, tryptic soy broth (TSB), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% trypsin/2.21 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, 45% glucose solution, 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, sodium pyruvate, and HEPES buffer were all obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) and RPMI-1640 media were purchased from LONZA (Walkersville, MD). DiI fluorescent dye, Syto-9, propidium iodide (PI), and 100 U/mL penicillin/100 mg/mL streptomycin solution were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Gentamicin, Triton X-100, cytochalasin D, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysostaphin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), paraformaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).

Bcl-2 and Bax localize at the outer membrane of mitochondrial. The balance between them prevents translocation of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria and

determines the apoptosis resistance. JQ-EZ-05 ic50 Inhibition of Bcl-2 or induction of Bax breaks the balance between two genes (as showed in Fig.5B), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and cytochrome-c release [21, 22]. Researches have demonstrated that several Bcl-2 family members are regulated by NF-kB [24, 25]. Promoter analysis showed Bcl-2 had multiple putative NF-kB binding sites [26, 27]. Meanwhile, inhibition of NF-kB depressed Bcl-2 expression [28]. Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, play a critical role in the execution of apoptosis [29] which are modulated by several upstream genes, especially cytochrome-c [30]. Once cytochrome-c is released into cytoplasm, it binds to the adaptor molecule, Apaf-1, and forms the apoptosome that activates caspase-9. Activated caspase-9 cleaves and activates procaspase-3 [31]. In our study data showed that Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 proteins were down-regulated after PTL treatment with the Bax and caspase-9 protein

up-regulated. Mitochondrial involvement contributing to the mechanism of PTL-induced apoptosis included NF-kB-mediated Bcl-2 down-regulation and Bax up-regulation, release of mitochondrial cytochrome-c to the cytoplasm and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In summary, PTL might be a new agent which can effectively inhibit proliferation, invasion and induce apoptosis in selleckchem pancreatic cancer. Although the molecular mechanisms for the PTL-induced effect still need to be clarified, our data showed that the Bcl-2 family molecules and caspase cascade reaction may be involved. Further studies in vivo should be designed to verify the PTL-induced effect. FAK inhibitor Conclusions NF-kB inhibitor PTL may be an agent which can effective against

Ribonucleotide reductase pancreatic cancer, because they can effectively inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell apoptosis and suppress metastatic activity. Although the molecular mechanism(s) for the PTL-induced cancer cell apoptosis are poorly understood, the Bcl-2 family molecules and caspase cascade reaction might be involved. Therefore, NF-kB specific inhibitors include PTL may be applicable to a chemotherapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer. But this possibility should be followed-up with further comprehensive studies. Acknowledgements This study is supported by grants from the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (No. 021107241 and No. 2005C23037) and the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province (No. 2002C042). References 1. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, Ghafoor A, Samuels A, Ward E, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ: Cancer statistics, 2004. CA-Cancer J Clin 2004, 54:8–29.PubMedCrossRef 2. Safioleas MC, Moulakakis KG: Pancreatic cancer today. Hepatogastroenterology 2004, 51:862–868.

Figure 1 Analysis of toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression in bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cells. (A) TLR1-10 mRNA levels in BIE cells. The expression of TLR in BIE cells was calculated first as relative units compared to bovine β-actin level. After calculating the relative unit to β-actin, TLR1 was set as 1. Values represent means and error bars indicate the standard deviations. The results click here are means of six independent experiments. (B) Immunofluorescent localization of TLR2 and TLR4 in BIE cells. Green images indicate bovine TLR2 or TLR4 positive cells and nuclei in all panels were stained with DAPI (blue). Control experiments were

performed by omitting the primary antibody. The results represent six independent experiments. Study of the inflammatory response in BIE cells stimulated with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs We next investigated the response of BIE cells to heat-stable ETEC PAMPs challenge. The ETEC 987P strain used in this study does not express flagellin and we have demonstrated that the main molecule responsible for the inflammatory response triggered 17DMAG by this bacterium is the LPS present on its surface [14, 15]. BIE cells were cultured for 3 days and then challenged with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs. Twelve hours after stimulation we determined mRNA levels of several cytokines (Figure 2A).

Stimulation of BIE cells with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs significantly Etoposide increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 and the levels of IFN-β (Figure 2A). We also evaluated the mRNA levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6IL-8, TNF and MCP-1 at different times after stimulation with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs, with the aim of establishing the most appropriate time to study the inflammatory response. After the challenge with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs, levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 increased progressively in BIE cells until the hour 12 post-stimulation (Figure 2B).

On the Entospletinib contrary, mRNA levels of TNF in BIE cells stimulated with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs were increased earlier at hour 3 (Figure 2B). Considering these results, we selected the hour 12 post-stimulation for the following experiments. Figure 2 Expression of cytokines in bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cells after stimulation with heat-stable Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). (A) BIE cells were challenged with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs and twelve hours later the expression of several cytokines was studied. The results represent four independent experiments. Significantly different from control *(P<0.05), **(P<0.01). (B) BIE cells were challenged with heat-stable ETEC PAMPs and the expression of MCP-1, TNF, IL-1-α, IL-β, IL-6 and IL-8 was studied at the indicated times post-stimulation. The results represent four independent experiments. Significantly different from time 0 *(P<0.05), **(P<0.01).

RK and EK performed the experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Plant growth is influenced by the presence of bacteria and fungi, and their interactions are particularly common in the rhizospheres of plants with high relative densities of microbes [1]. Pro- and eukaryotic microorganisms compete for simple NU7026 plant-derived substrates and have thus developed antagonistic strategies. Bacteria have found niches with respect to the utilization of fungal-derived substrates as well, with their nutritional

strategies ranging from hyphal exudate consumption to endosymbiosis and mycophagy [2, 3]. Current applications related to bacterial-fungal interactions include biocontrol of fungal plant diseases [4] and controlled stimulation of mycorrhizal infection [5]. Better insight into the co-existence mechanisms of soil

bacteria and fungi is crucial in order to improve existing applications and to invent new ones. Abundant in the rhizospheres of plants, the streptomycetes are best known for their capacity to control plant diseases (reviewed by [6, 7]). The fact that many streptomycetes are able to produce antifungal compounds indicates that they may be competitors of fungi. Direct inhibition of fungal parasites may lead to plant protection and is often based on antifungal secondary metabolites [8, 9]. In parallel to antibiotics, the streptomycetes produce a repertoire of other small molecules, including for instance root growth-inducing

auxins [10] VX-661 and iron acquisition-facilitating siderophores [11]. Ectomycorrhiza formation between filamentous fungi and forest tree roots is crucial to satisfying the nutritional needs of forest trees [12]. The ectomycorrhizas (EM) and the symbiotic fungal mycelia, the mycorrhizosphere, are associated with diverse bacterial communities. Until now, studies on the functional significance of EM associated bacteria have been rare [13–15]. Nevertheless, diverse roles have been implicated for these bacteria, including stimulation of EM formation, improved nutrient acquisition and participation in plant protection (reviewed in [5]). An important question to be addressed with EM associated bacteria is whether there is a specific selection for particular bacterial strains by mycorrhizas, since this would indicate an established association between the bacteria, oxyclozanide the EM fungus, and/or the plant root. Frey-Klett et al. [13] observed such interdependency: the community of fluorescent pseudomonads from EM with the fungus Laccaria bicolor was more antagonistic against plant pathogenic fungi than the bulk soil community. This suggested that mycorrhiza formation does select for antifungal compound-producing pseudomonads from the soil. Moreover, these bacteria were not particularly inhibitory to ectomycorrhiza formation with L. bicolor, indicating some form of adaptation of this ectomycorrhizal fungus to the IWP-2 nmr Pseudomonas community.

Bayesian clustering of the ISSR data using STRUCTURE supported the presence of three clusters among the isolates (Figure 2). Both Maximum parsimony (not shown) and NJ trees (Figure 3) were in agreement with the clusters defined by STRUCTURE. Although there was no significant bootstrap support for two of the clades on the NJ tree [1] and [3], support for clade 2 was 94%. Clade 1, composed exclusively of isolates from Europe, contained 27 of the 113 isolates. Sixteen isolates in this European clade were from Italy and 11 isolates were from Belgium or France. The type of line in Figure 3 indicates the cluster membership of each isolate on the NJ tree and illustrates the correlation

between BAY 80-6946 manufacturer clades and clusters. Bayesian clustering of the ISSR data also supported the existence of the European clade. (Figure 3) The European cluster 1, as revealed by STRUCTURE, contained 34 isolates while the European clade 1 (NJ

and MP algorithms) contained 27 of the same isolates. Many European isolates did not, however, BAY 11-7082 cell line fall into the exclusively European cluster or clade. Figure 2 STRUCTURE grouping of A. terreus isolates. Inferred population structure of A. terreus isolates from STRUCTURE analysis of ISSR data. Each isolate is represented by a vertical bar partitioned into shaded segments representing the isolate’s estimated proportion of ancestry from each of three clusters defined by STRUCTURE. Figure 3 Neighbor joining tree from ISSR fingerprints of A. terreus isolates. Phylogenetic relationship

among A. terreus isolates inferred by ISSR fingerprints using the Neighbor joining algorithm. The tree is rooted with the outgroup Aspergillus fumigatus. Bootstrap values above 50% from 1000 iterations are noted on nodes. Lines indicate isolate affiliation with clusters defined by STRUCTURE. Filled and open circles and squares indicate geographic origin of isolates. A significant selleck screening library relationship existed between geography and cluster membership (X2 = 48.2, d.f. = 6, p < 0.001), driven primarily by cluster 1 being composed only of isolates from Europe, as well as cluster 2 accounting for the majority [12 of 19] of the sequence-confirmed Eastern U.S. A. terreus isolates (Figure 2). The Farnesyltransferase patterns of cluster membership in the two US populations were similar to each other and quite different from the pattern shared by the two European populations (Figure 2). There were nine isolates in which the majority contribution from any cluster was less than 0.66, suggesting that these isolates did not consistently fall into any one cluster. These isolates were excluded from any single cluster due to their high levels of inferred admixture. Susceptibility testing to AMB Susceptibility testing to AMB for all the isolates analyzed in this investigation was available through a previous study summarized in Table 1 of Tortorano et al [12]. The isolates in each of the three clusters varied in mean MIC values (0.78, 1.29 and 0.86 mg/L for clusters 1, 2 and 3 respectively (Table 2).

Co-culture Tideglusib mw allows the recovery of VBNC cells [14, 29] or of some Legionella species not growing onto BCYE agar [12], such as Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAP) [30] or L. pneumophila in pulmonary specimens [31]. According to Descours et al. (2012) the

amoebic co-culture was effective to isolate Legionella spp. from respiratory samples contaminated with other microorganisms even if the type of sample impacted on the performance of culture and co-culture [31]. Conclusions The use of co-culture is thus potentially useful to detect Legionella spp. in clinical samples with a low degree of contamination by Legionella spp., but the long incubation period needed is a strong negative aspect of the method. Further studies are needed to test different amoebal strains susceptibilities to various Legionella species. The detection of Legionella in environmental samples is still commonly carried out by conventional culture, but co-culture should be considered whenever there is a need to detect Legionella or VBNC expected to be present at concentrations

below 105 – 106 cells, in particular when working with air samples. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the constructive advice by PD Dr. O. Petrini (Cantonal Institute for microbiology, Bellinzona, Temsirolimus clinical trial Switzerland) and Prof. Th. Egli (EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland). We thank N. Strepparava for statistical advice and K. Gervasoni for see more technical help. The work has been partially supported financially 4��8C by the Ticino Pulmonary League. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: xls List of all Legionella spp. recovered from non-sterile compost (88) and air (23) samples analysed in parallel by culture and co-culture. Lp1: L. pneumophila serogroup 1; Lp2-15: L. pneumophila serogroups 2–15; Lspp: undetermined Legionella species; *non-Legionella species recovered by co-culture. (XLS 24 KB) References 1. Gaia V, Casati S, Tonolla M: Rapid identification of Legionella spp. by MALDI-TOF MS based protein

mass fingerprinting. Syst Appl Microbiol 2011,34(1):40–44.PubMedCrossRef 2. Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE: Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002,15(3):506–526.PubMedCrossRef 3. Steele TW, Moore CV, Sangster N: Distribution of Legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other legionellae in potting soils in Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990,56(10):2984–2988.PubMed 4. Casati S, Conza L, Bruin J, Gaia V: Compost facilities as a reservoir of Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009,16(7):945–947.PubMed 5. Bartie C, Venter SN, Nel LH: Identification methods for Legionella from environmental samples. Water Res 2003,37(6):1362–1370.PubMedCrossRef 6. Lindsay DS, Abraham WH, Findlay W, Christie P, Johnston F, Edwards GF: Laboratory diagnosis of legionnaires’ disease due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods. J Med Microbiol 2004,53(Pt 3):183–187.PubMedCrossRef 7.

This is an improvement in sensitivity compared with recent reports on detection of Salmonella. Live Salmonella cells were detected from

spiked lettuce samples at the concentration of 101 CFU/g with 12-h enrichment [34]. Another study reported that the detection limit of PMA-LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) was 6.1 × 103-104 CFU/g in spiked produce and PMA-PCR was up to 100-fold less sensitive compared with qPCR assay [32]. It is noteworthy to mention that this PMA-qPCR assay reported here appears to be selleck more sensitive. Two factors might explain this: first, it may be due to the qPCR assay we developed in this study, which offers higher sensitivity with detection limit as low as 3 CFU; whereas the two previous assays used longer amplicons (269 bp and 285 bp) in their qPCR assays [32, 34], which

would make the qPCR assay less efficient NVP-AUY922 cost compared with the assays with shorter amplicons; second, it might be due to the usage of our previously modified PMA-treatment procedure, which was shown to increase the PMA-qPCR efficiency [21]. With this modified PMA-treatment procedure, not only could we achieve a relatively small C T value difference (0.5) between treated and untreated live cells (Figure 1A), but we were also able to obtain efficient inhibition (17-C T -value difference, 128,000-fold) of DNA amplification with dead cells (Figure 1B). These improvements made it possible for efficient PAK6 and accurate differentiation

of live Salmonella cells from dead cells by this PMA-qPCR assay [37]. Furthermore, we have successfully applied this assay to detect live Salmonella cells from beef (www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet-762.html Additional file 2: Table S2) and environmental water samples [41]. It may be applied to other food matrices as well, fostering improvement of accurate monitoring Salmonella. Conclusions We have developed a PMA-qPCR assay for selective detection of live Salmonella cells from dead cells in food. This assay is sensitive and specific and has been validated with a large number of Salmonella strains. We were able to differentiate live Salmonella cells from live/dead cell mixtures. This PMA-qPCR has been applied for selective detection of live Salmonella cells in spiked spinach. It allows selective detection of 30 CFU/g Salmonella from spiked spinach with 4-h enrichment. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of amplicon length on PMA-mediated inhibition of DNA amplification of dead cells. The limitation of this PMA-qPCR assay is that PMA treatment slightly increases the cost and reduces the sensitivity of PCR assay. Methods Bacterial strains Salmonella Enteritidis (SARB16) was used in designed experiments of optimization, sensitivity, and spinach spiking.

Anal Biochem 2004, 333:1–13.PubMedCrossRef 53. Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K: Short protocols in molecular biology. 2nd

edition. New York: Greene Publishing Associates and John Wiley and Sons; 1992. 54. Sambrook J, Russell DW: Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, Vol 1–3. 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001. 55. Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. [http://​iant.​toulouse.​inra.​fr/​bacteria/​annotation/​cgi/​rhime.​cgi] 56. Finan TM, Hartweig E, Lemieux K, Bergman K, Walker GC, Signer ER: General transduction in Rhizobium meliloti . J Bacteriol 1984, 159:120–124.PubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Authors’ contributions LB planned and carried out experiments, performed data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. TCC planned experiments

BAY 11-7082 cost and wrote the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Bacterial pathogenesis is a complex process which has been well studied in the case of urinary tract infections (UTIs) mediated by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) expressing type 1 and P pili. The crucial steps of this mechanism, namely, initial bacterial attachment, invasion and biofilm formation, are strictly dependent on the pili function [1, 2]. These structures belong to the family of adhesive organelles assembled in accordance with the classical chaperone-usher pathway, which is highly conserved in Gram-negative bacteria. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/eft-508.html Pili, fimbriae or amorphic adhesive oganelles are linear homo- or heteropolymers of hundreds to thousands of protein

subunits. All these proteins possess a conserved immunoglobuline-like structure denoted by the lack of the seventh β-strand, G. The effect of this structural defect is a hydrophobic acceptor cleft flanked by the β-strands A and F [3–6]. The folding of protein subunits is strictly dependent on the action of the specific periplasmic chaperone protein. The chaperone complements the defective structure of a subunit by donating a specific G1 donor β-strand in line 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase with the donor strand complementation (DSC) reaction [5–8]. The stable chaperone-subunit complex migrates to the usher protein located in the outer click here membrane, where the process of protein subunit polymerization occurs. The formation of the functional adhesive organelle propagates in accordance with the donor strand exchange (DSE) reaction This step is dependent on the action of the N-terminal donor peptide exposed from each subunit [9–11]. Though global conservation of chaperone, usher and fimbrial proteins, the available structural data describing the assembly of different adhesive organelles, namely, P and type 1 pili of E. coli, F1 surface antigen of Y. pestis, Dr/Afa-III fimbriae of E. coli, SAF fimbriae of S. typhimurium and colonization factor CS6 of E. coli, also identify many important differences between them [12–14].

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graphene oxide with high near-infrared absorbance for photothermal therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2011, 133:6825–6831.CrossRef 24. Lambert TN, Andrews NL, Gerung H, Boyle TJ, Oliver JM, Wilson BS, Han SM: Water-soluble germanium(0) nanocrystals: cell recognition and near-infrared photothermal conversion properties. Small 2007, 3:691–699.CrossRef 25. Chen CJ, Chen DH: Preparation of LaB6 nanoparticles as a novel and effective near-infrared photothermal conversion material. Chem Eng J 2012, 180:337–342.CrossRef 26. Liu JX, Ando Y, Dong XL, Shi F, Yin S, Adachi K, Chonan T, Tanaka A, Sato T: Microstructure and electrical–optical properties of cesium

tungsten oxides synthesized by solvothermal reaction followed by ammonia annealing. J Solid State Chem 2010, 183:2456–2460.CrossRef 27. Guo C, Yin S, Yan M, Sato T: Facile synthesis of homogeneous CsxWO3 nanorods with excellent low-emissivity and NIR shielding property by a water controlled-release process. J Mater Chem 2011, 21:5099–5105.CrossRef 28. Takeda H, Adachi K: Near infrared Vasopressin Receptor Erastin in vivo absorption of tungsten oxide nanoparticle dispersions. J Am Ceram Soc 2007, 90:4059–4061. 29. Liu J, Wang X, Shi F, Peng Z, Luo J, Xu Q, Du P: Hydrothermal synthesis of cesium tungsten bronze and its heat insulation properties. Adv Mater Res 2012, 531:235–239.CrossRef 30. Guo C, Yin S, Huang L, Yang L, Sato T: Discovery of an excellent IR absorbent with a broad working waveband: CsxWO3 nanorods. Chem Commun 2011, 47:8853–8855.CrossRef 31. Guo C, Yin S, Huang L, Sato T: Synthesis of one-dimensional potassium tungsten bronze with excellent near-infrared absorption property. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011, 3:2794–2799.CrossRef 32.