g. Wdnm1-like and visfatin) [27, 60, 61]. Additionally, other MMPs, notably MMP11, have been shown to be correlated with breast cancer-induced adipocyte’s activated state [11, 62]. If confirmed, our findings may reveal a novel specific proteinase expression and activity pattern in PP adipose tissue favorable to prostate cancer progression. In this study, proliferation was increased with CM from PP and VIS explants versus SVF CM in PC-3 cells, whereas LNCaP cells only proliferated significantly more with VIS

explants compared to VIS SVF. As the highest proliferation was seen following stimulation with CM from explants we speculate adipocytes may be the main effectors. Other studies also found a proliferative effect of adipocytes in prostate cancer cells BI 10773 order [12, 13]. Adipocytes add significantly to the proliferative effect in hormone-refractory prostate buy AZD3965 cancer cells, even though the adipokines responsible

by these results have yet to be determined. Alternatively, since explants culture preserve the paracrine signals by maintaining the existing crosstalk among the different cell types [63], we hypothesize that the higher proliferative stimulus conferred by explants CM likely reflects a co-stimulatory and/or additive effect of adipokines produced by adipocytes and by the stromal vascular fraction cells. Explants-derived CM, whether from VIS or PP origin

exerted consistently, also across cell lines, an increased effect in migration speed and final relative distance to origin, when compared with SVF fraction. It is possible that explants CM, which reveal the secretory profile of adipocytes plus stromal-vascular cells, produce more motile factors and exclusive secretion of others (e.g. leptin and adiponectin), thereby resulting in increased total distance/mean speed and final relative distance to origin of prostate cancer cells. The anatomical origin of adipose tissue accounts for increased gelatinolytic activity and different proliferative and migratory stimulus. CM from PP results in higher log10-transformed PC-3 and LNCaP cell count per gram of adipose tissue, only when SVF CM was used. MRIP Furthermore, adipose tissue from PP origin exerted the stronger motile effect (of both analyzed parameters) in PC-3 cells compared to VIS depot, Tipifarnib research buy independently of the culture type. In LNCaP cells only the PP explants-derived CM didn’t impact the mean speed more than CM from VIS explants. These findings suggest that VIS and PP fat pads may have distinct relative cellular composition or are differently programmed to secrete molecules involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and motility.

PubMedCrossRef 13. Chen EJ, Sabio EA, Long EPZ5676 mouse SR: The periplasmic regulator ExoR inhibits ExoS/ChvI two-component signalling in Sinorhizobium meliloti . Mol Microbiol 2008, 69:1290–1303.PubMedCrossRef 14. Lu H-Y, Luo L, Yang M-H, Cheng H-P: Sinorhizobium meliloti ExoR is the target of periplasmic proteolysis. J Bacteriol 2012, 194:4029–4040.PubMedCrossRef 15. Pinedo CA, Gage DJ: HPrK regulates succinate-mediated catabolite repression in the gram-negative symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti . J Bacteriol 2009, 191:298–309.PubMedCrossRef 16. Wells DH, Chen EJ, Fisher RF, Long SR: ExoR is genetically coupled to the ExoS-ChvI two-component system and located in the periplasm of Sinorhizobium

meliloti . Mol Microbiol 2007, 64:647–664.PubMedCrossRef 17. Chen E, Fisher R, Perovich V, Sabio E, Long S: Identification of direct transcriptional target genes of ExoS/ChvI two-component signaling in Sinorhizobium meliloti . J Bacteriol 2009, 191:6833–6842.PubMedCrossRef 18. Garner MM, Revzin A: A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory

system. Nucleic Acids Res 1981, 9:3047–3060.PubMedCrossRef 19. Liu P, Wood BI 2536 in vitro D, Nester EW: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is an acid-induced, chromosomally encoded virulence factor in Agrobacterium tumefaciens . J Bacteriol 2005, 187:6039–6045.PubMedCrossRef 20. Cowie A, Cheng J, Sibley CD, Fong Y, Zaheer R, Patten CL, Morton RM, Golding GB, Finan TM: An integrated approach to functional genomics: construction of a novel reporter gene fusion library for Sinorhizobium meliloti . Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:7156–7167.PubMedCrossRef 21. Caspi R, Altman T, Dreher K, Fulcher CA, Subhraveti P, Keseler IM, Kothari A, Krummenacker M, Latendresse M, Mueller LA, Ong Q, Paley S, Pujar A, Shearer AG, Travers M, Weerasinghe D, Zhang P, Karp PD: The MetaCyc database

of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of pathway/genome databases. Nucleic Acids next Res 2012, 40:D742-D753.PubMedCrossRef 22. Kanehisa M, Araki M, Goto S, Hattori M, Hirakawa M, Itoh M, Katayama T, Kawashima S, Okuda S, Tokimatsu T, Yamanishi Y: KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Nucleic Acids Res 2008, 36:D480-D484.PubMedCrossRef 23. Jensen LJ, Kuhn M, Stark M, Chaffron S, Creevey C, Muller J, Doerks T, Julien P, Roth A, Simonovic M, Bork P, von Mering C: STRING 8–a global view on proteins and their functional interactions in 630 organisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37:D412-D416.PubMedCrossRef 24. Arias A, Cerveñansky C: Galactose metabolism in Rhizobium meliloti L5–30. J Bacteriol 1986, 167:1092–1094.PubMed 25. Geddes BA, Oresnik IJ: Inability to catabolize galactose leads to https://www.selleckchem.com/products/selonsertib-gs-4997.html increased ability to compete for nodule occupancy in Sinorhizobium meliloti . J Bacteriol 2012, 194:5044–5053.PubMedCrossRef 26.

For this award, we considered papers published in 2012 excluding notes and comments, editorials, NVP-HSP990 message articles, and papers authored by a member of the committee. From a total of 26 eligible papers in 2012, three winners (one best paper and two honorable mentions) have been chosen following our selection process. When we, as an editorial office, decided to hold these NU7026 cell line awards, we first started by forming a selection committee from our

editorial advisors to set criteria and guidelines against which papers would be measured. Keeping this in mind, all editorial advisors were invited to nominate papers which contribute to the advancement of sustainability science, contain vigorous dialogue on the scope and boundaries of the field, and those introducing important concepts, such as complexity and transdisciplinarity. Secondly, we created a multistage selection

process so as not to favor only research on catchy, popular themes. With the assistance of our publisher Springer Japan, we collected average reviewer impression scores, number of downloads and citations, and matched them with selections by editorial advisors. Although articles published between 2007 and 2011 were not considered, we may introduce a chronicle award in the future. The highest scoring papers were then presented to a selection committee Selleck VX-661 which met to select the winners. I would personally like to congratulate the winning authors for their contributions in the field of sustainability science. The winners will be formally acknowledged at the 4th International Sustainability Science Conference to be held in Marseilles, France, from September 16 to 17. I also extend my thanks to fellow selection committee members for their support from the beginning of the process: Braden Allenby, Arizona

oxyclozanide State University, USA Jim Falk, University of Melbourne, Australia The winning papers are: Outstanding article Arnim Wiek, Barry Ness, Petra Schweizer-Ries, Fridolin S. Brand, and Francesca Farioli For the paper entitled From complex systems analysis to transformational change: a comparative appraisal of sustainability science projects—Vol. 7 Supplement 1 What the selection committee said: “A stand-out paper from the point of view of carrying forward greater in depth development of the breadth of the field characterized by sustainability science.” Honorable mention Osamu Akashi and Tatsuya Hanaoka For the paper entitled Technological feasibility and costs of achieving a 50 % reduction of global GHG emissions by 2050: mid- and long-term perspectives—Vol. 7 No. 2 What the selection committee said: “…well reasoned, sophisticated, and a genuine contribution, taking into account economic as well as technical factors in its whole of system calculations.” Honorable mention Daniel J.

Zeta potentials were measured with NICOMP 380 ZLS Zeta Potential/Particle Size Analyzer. The XPS measurements were performed

on an Axis Ultra DLD XPS (Kratos Analytical, Manchester, UK) using a monochromated Al Kα (1,486.6 eV) source at 15 BAY 11-7082 mouse kV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken on a ZEISS-ULTRA 55 SEM (Oberkochen, Germany) equipped with an X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS) at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV (provided in Additional file 1). In addition, the conductive properties of the nanoscale GO film coated on the mica surface were tested using a conductive AFM. The detailed process and results have been given in Additional file 1. Results and discussion Tailoring large-area GO by different metal ions Graphene oxide is very widely generated using natural graphite powder through the Hummers method. The chemically derived GO is soluble in pure water due to hydrophilic functional groups, e.g., carboxyl, Combretastatin A4 solubility dmso hydroxyl, and epoxide groups on the surface [16, 21]. Figure 1a shows the AFM image of GO with atom-level smoothness and the sizes in the range of 1 to 10 μm. The height profile of the AFM image in Figure 1e is approximately 1 nm, which is consistent with the data reported in the literature, indicating the formation of a single-layered GO. Figure 1b,c,d depicts that the nanoscale GO pieces with find more different sizes were tailored utilizing three kinds of

metal ions (Ag+, Ni2+, Co2+), respectively. Corresponding profile analysis of these AFM height images (Figure 1f,g,h) has given heights of approximately 1 nm, which were elementally consistent

with the thickness of GO. Similarly, in the addition of Ag+ ion system, some nanoparticles have been found to be dispersed in the solution or attached on the GO surfaces similar to what we have reported previously [22]. In our previous work, we mainly focused on the synthesis of silver-GO composites. When testing the samples Benzatropine by AFM, some little pieces were occasionally detected in the high-resolution images, which were neglected as contamination before [22]. Thereafter, in order to investigate the tailoring mechanism, we selected the other weak oxidation of metal ions, such as Ni2+ and Co2+, and obtained results similar to the information given previously. In addition, XPS data have been provided in Additional file 1: Figure S1. Figure 1 Tapping-mode AFM images of GO and nanoscale GO pieces. (a) GO, (b) Ag+, (c) Co2+, and (d) Ni2+ and corresponding profile analysis: (e) GO, (f) Ag+, (g) Co2+, and (h) Ni2+. Tailoring large-area GO by silver ions For silver ions, a series of systematic experiments have been carried out. In a typical experiment, 0.50 mg/mL of an aqueous GO dispersion (10 mL) was added to 10 mM aqueous AgNO3 solution (10 mL). As shown in Figure 2a, the large-area GO has been tailored into small fragments after the reaction was kept for approximately 12 h. TEM image and EDS data were given in Additional file 1: Figure S2.

Reasons for this difference are largely unknown. A possible explanation was a generally

higher carriage of PVL in S. aureus from the Middle East, possibly related to climatic or host factors. If that was the case, the frequency of PVL-positive-methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) should also be high. However, data on MSSA from this region are currently not yet available. In order to understand the local epidemiology of PVL, further studies need to focus on MSSA as well as on MRSA in Middle Eastern countries. It also might be speculated that PVL-MRSA just replaced PVL-MSSA in the Middle East, possibly favoured by a liberal use of antimicrobial drugs during the last decades. Interestingly, previously published MRSA genotyping data from Saudi Arabia showed a much lower PVL INCB018424 ic50 PD-0332991 price prevalence of only 8% (three out of 37) in SCCmec IV strains isolated

from skin tissue infections from patients seen in outpatient clinics in Riyadh in 2007 [40]. This finding may possibly relate to the small number of isolates processed or to a different patient collective. It might also indicate a massive expansion of PVL-positive MRSA clones during very recent years. This is also in accordance to an otherwise observed increase in CA-MRSA infections [19]. These observations emphasise the need for a more systematic surveillance of this potential public-health hazard. Another interesting finding HA-1077 order was that resistance markers that are traditionally associated with HA-MRSA (e.g., aacA-aphD, aadD) were common among CA-MRSA strains. For instance, all PVL-positive CC22-IV in this study carried aacA-aphD. Thus, the detection of, e.g., gentamicin resistance in a clinical isolate must not be used to rule out a community origin or a possible presence of PVL in that actual isolate; and the decision to perform a molecular assay for PVL should be guided by the clinical symptoms of the patient rather than by the susceptibility profile of the isolate. Conclusion A number of very diverse MRSA strains were found in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in

addition to a long established healthcare-associated MRSA strain (ST239-III). The prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes was surprisingly high (54.21%), with PVL-positive clones also being present in a healthcare setting. A significant rate of resistance markers was detected in strains usually considered as community-associated. This is a rather different situation than in European countries. Screening and eradication programs thus need to focus not only on patients, but also on contact persons such as family members and healthcare personnel, too. Further studies are still needed to understand the epidemiology of MRSA in Saudi Arabia, possible changes in population structures during the last decades and possible SBI-0206965 supplier sources for importation of epidemic strains from other regions.

Med Oncol 2011, in press. 30. Kim HR,

Lin HM, Biliran H, Raz A: Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of anoikis by galectin-3 in human breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 1999,59(16):4148–4154.PubMed 31. Zhu X, Ohtsubo M, Bohmer RM, Roberts JM, Assojan RK: Adhesion-dependent cell cycle progression linked to the expression of cyclin D1, activation of Selleck GSK1210151A cyclin E-cdk2, and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Biol 1996,133(2):391–403.PubMedCrossRef 32. Mac Kinnon AC, Kopatz J, Sethi T: The molecular and cellular biology of lung cancer: identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Br Med Bull 2010, 95:47–61.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MK collected informations about patients (clinicopathological findings, survival time), carried out immunohistochemical studies, performed statistical analysis and drafted manuscript.

PP, AK and MG participated in collection of patient’s data. RJ coordinated the study and improved manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as one of the causes of skeletal muscle fatigue during both aerobic and anaerobic exercise [1]. Although small increases in exercise induced ROS are important for stimulating cellular growth and maximising muscular force production [2, 3], GSK2118436 research buy excessive accumulation leads to a pro-oxidant environment which MK-0518 ic50 Rebamipide can damage DNA, lipid and protein membranes [4, 5]. Cellular damage may also impair cross-bridge cycling during skeletal muscle contraction and accelerate

the onset of fatigue [2, 6, 7]. This is supported by previous work suggesting that a bout of resistance training induces an excessive increase in ROS production which could be implicated in the reduction in skeletal muscle force generating capacity observed during exercise [4, 8, 9]. To maximise gains in muscular hypertrophy an RT session would typically involve exercising at a moderate intensity, defined as lifting a load between 65-85% of an individual’s one repetition maximum (RM), and using a high volume, typically 3–6 sets of 6–15 repetitions of the exercise [10]. Goldfarb and colleagues [8] found significant increases in the plasma ROS markers malondialdehyde (MDH) and protein carbonyls (PC) following arm flexor exercise involving four sets of a 12 repetition maximum (RM) load. Similar results have also been found for lower body resistance exercise where plasma measures of oxidised gluthanione (GSSG) and protein oxidation were elevated following 30 min of sub-maximal squatting exercise [4]. The primary cause of RT induced oxidative damage appears to result from increased xanthine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase production, together with ischemia–reperfusion which results in an increase in xanthine oxidase (XO) and peroxynitrite [9, 11, 12].

7 ± 1.29 min versus 31.8 ± 1.29 min, Temsirolimus in vivo P < 0.01). The addition of 10 mM glucose at OD600 of 1 increased the growth rate of the wild-type but had only a minor effect on that of the mutant (Fig.

1). 60 min after glucose addition, glucose was depleted from the medium down to 0.3 mM by the wild-type, while still 3 mM of glucose were left in the culture of the mutant (Fig. 1). Despite increased growth and glucose consumption rates in the wild-type culture, acetate production was only slightly enhanced compared to the mutant, in line with previous findings [24]. No lactate was excreted under these conditions at any time point sampled, confirming the aerobic growth conditions. Acidification of the medium upon glucose metabolism was prevented by HEPES-buffering, which allowed maintaining the pH of the growth media at 7.5 for both strains and under both growth conditions for at least 2 h past glucose

addition. Figure 1 Growth, glucose consumption and acetate build-up. Growth, glucose consumption and acetate formation in strain Newman (wt) and its isogenic ΔccpA mutant (ΔccpA). Cells were grown to an JNJ-26481585 molecular weight OD600 of 1, cultures were split and 10 mM glucose was added to one half of the culture (squares), while the other half remained without glucose (triangles). Cells were sampled at an OD600 of 1 and 30 min after glucose addition for RNA isolation (indicated by arrows). Experiments shown are representative for three independent experiments.

Transcriptome analysis The total number of genes, which were expressed at a sufficient level to give meaningful data, was 2479. 111 of these genes had no homologues in strain Newman, and were therefore excluded from the analysis. Of the 2368 remaining 4��8C genes, a total of 155 were found to be affected upon glucose addition in a CcpA-dependent manner, while 21 genes seemed to be controlled by CcpA and other regulatory this website proteins at the same time in the presence of glucose, and 10 genes exhibited CcpA-independent glucose effects. The largest group, comprising 226 genes, however, was affected by ccpA inactivation even without glucose addition to the LB medium (Table 1). While regulatory classes partly overlapped, the overall range of differential gene expression was only narrow, peaking around 2- to 3-fold induction or repression. Table 1 Numbers of S.

Kumm., Führ. Pilzk. (Zwickau): 112 (1871), ≡ Hygrophorus psittacinus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr., Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae): 332 (1838), ≡ Agaricus psittacinus Schaeff. : Fr., Fung. Bavar. Palat. 4: 704: 70, t. 301 (1774). Pileus and stipe glutinous; DOPA based pigments absent, colors include blue, violet, pink, salmon, green, ochre yellow, yellow, brick red, gray-brown or mixtures of these, not bright red; lamellae narrowly or broadly attached, sinuate or decurrent, sometimes with a gelatinized

this website edge; odor absent or of burned rubber; basidiospores ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, rarely constricted, hyaline, thin-walled, inamyloid, not metachromatic; ixocheilocystidia present or absent; basidia mostly 4-sterigmate, these and/or basidioles often with toruloid clamp connections, about five times the length of the basidiospores; lamellar trama subregular, of short Selleck S63845 elements < 140 μm long; subhymenium sometimes gelatinized; clamp connections present but sometimes rare in the trama; ixotrichoderm of the pileipellis with toruloid clamps. Phylogenetic

support Gliophorus appears as a monophyletic clade only in our 4-gene backbone ML analysis (18 % MLBS, Fig. 1). Similarly, Vizzini and Ercole (2012) [2011] analysis of ITS shows a monophyletic clade lacking MLBS and Bayesian support. Our ML Supermatrix, LSU, ITS-LSU, ITS and Bayesian 4-gene analyses all show Gliophorus as a grade that is basal or sister to Porpolomopsis and Humidicutis. Support for Gliophorus as sister to the Humidicutis – Porpolomopsis clade is weak, except in our 4-gene backbone ML analysis (97 % BS). Sections included Gliophorus, A-1210477 Glutinosae comb. nov. and Unguinosae. Comments Herink (1959) erected the genus Gliophorus for species of Hygrocybe

that had glutinous surfaces and usually bright ASK1 pigments. The group was validly recombined as Hygrocybe subg. Gliophorus (Herink) Heinem. (1963). Bon (1990) noted the spectacular basal clamp connections on basidia in this group (termed toruloid by Young 2005) – a character shared with Humidicutis. Herink described sect. Insipidae in Gliophorus, but our molecular phylogenies placed the viscid yellow type species, H. insipida, in Hygrocybe subg. Pseudohygrocybe. The three remaining sections delineated by Herink (1959) are concordant with Gliophorus clades or grades in all of our phylogenetic analyses: Gliophorus (replaces G. sect. Psittacinae), Glutinosae (replaces G. sect. Laetae) and Unguinosae. In Hygrocybe subg. Gliophorus, we avoided making new combinaitions for sections as the topology of this group is unstable and may change with greater taxon sampling. Gliophorus sect. Glutinosae Kühner (1926) is valid, but would need a new combination as Hygrocybe sect. Gliophorus because Herink’s basionym (1959) has priority at section rank over sect. Psittacinae (Bataille) Arnolds ex Candusso (1997). Unranked names such as Bataille’s (1910) Psittacinae do not have a date for priority until they are validly combined at a designated rank (e.g.

Phylogenetic support We show an unsupported monophyletic subsect. Pudorini (H. pudorinus as H. persicolor and H. erubescens) in our ITS analysis, but H. www.selleckchem.com/products/a-769662.html purpurascens appears at the base of the adjacent clade (Online Resource 9). In the analysis presented by Larsson (2010; unpublished data), subsect. Pudorini (H. erubescens, H. pudorinus check details and H. purpurascens) appears as a paraphyletic group with 95 % support for the basal branch while subsect. Clitocyboides appears as a monophyletic clade. Species included Type species: Hygrophorus pudorinus (= H. persicolor Ricek). Hygrophorus erubescens (Fr.) Fr. and H. purpurascens (Alb. & Schwein. : Fr.)

Fr. are included based on morphological and phylogenetic data. Comments The name H. pudorinus has been misapplied to a Hygrophorus species associated with Abies, now named H. abieticola. Examination of the type painting and comparisons with the protologue of H. pudorinus revealed that H. persicolor is a synonym. Candusso (1997) assumed Bataille’s name, Pudorini, was published at subsection rank and Alpelisib inadvertently combined it at that rank in Hygrophorus. Hygrophorus [subgen. Colorati sect. Pudorini ] subsect. Salmonicolores E. Larss., subsect. nov. MycoBank MB804113.

Type species Hygrophorus abieticola Krieglst. ex Gröger et Bresinsky, Regensb. Mykol. Schr.: 15: 211 (2008). Etymology: salmon – salmon, colores – colored, for the salmon colored basidiomes. Pileus subviscid, pale incarnate, salmon or ochraceous orange, universal and partial veil absent; lamellae distant, adnate to decurrent, white or with a pale salmon tinge; stipe dry or subviscid, white, yellowish or pale ADAM7 salmon orange, apex floccose-fibrillose; odor none or like turpentine. Phylogenetic support The subsect. Salmonicolores clade (H. abieticola and H. queletii) is moderately supported (68 % MPBS) as a monophyletic

clade in the analysis presented by Larsson (2010, unpublished data). These species were not included in our analyses. Species included Type species: Hygrophorus abieticola. Hygrophorus queletii Bres. is included based on morphological and phylogenetic data. The ITS sequence from the western North America taxon diverges from European H. abieticola and likely needs a new name at species or variety rank. Comments The name H. pudorinus has been misapplied to a Hygrophorus species associated with Abies. Krieglsteiner was the first to recognize the species associated with Abies as H. abieticola. The name was later validated by Gröger and Bresinsky (Bresinsky 2008) and it is the type of the new section, Salmonicolores. In Singer (1986), subsect. “Fulvoincarnati “Hesler & A.H. Sm. (1939, invalid, Art. 36.1) included H. abieticola (as H. pudorinus, but apparently a mixed species concept) and H. queletii, corresponding to subsect. Salmonicolores, except that the subsection also included the type species of sect. Fulventes (H. arbustivus Fr.).

Angew Chem Int Ed 2011, 50:9643–9643.CrossRef 64. Yuan Y, Liu C, Qian J, Wang J, Zhang Y: Size-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Biomaterials 2010, 31:730–740.CrossRef

65. Johnston JH, Semmler-Behnke M, Brown MB, Kreyling Veliparib solubility dmso W: Evaluating the uptake and intracellular fate of polystyrene nanoparticles by primary and hepatocyte cell lines in vitro . RGFP966 chemical structure Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010, 242:66–78.CrossRef 66. Gao W, Xu K, Ji L, Tang B: Effect of gold nanoparticles on glutathione depletion-induced hydrogen peroxide generation and apoptosis in HL7702 cells. Toxicol Lett 2011, 205:86–95.CrossRef 67. Li JJ, Hartono D, Ong CN, Bay BH, Yung LLY: Autophagy and oxidative stress associated with gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010, 31:5996–6003.CrossRef 68. Ma X, Wu Y, Jin S, Tian Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Yu L, Liang XJ: Gold nanoparticles induce autophagosome Syk inhibitor accumulation through size-dependent nanoparticle uptake and lysosome impairment. ACS Nano 2011, 5:8629–8639.CrossRef 69. Belyanskaya L, Manser P, Spohn P, Bruinink A, Wick P: The reliability and limits of the MTT reduction assay for carbon nanotubes–cell interaction. Carbon 2007, 45:2643–2648.CrossRef 70. Ciofani G, Danti S, D’Alessandro D, Moscato S, Menciassi A: Assessing cytotoxicity of

boron nitride nanotubes: interference with the MTT assay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 394:405–411.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions YP, BH and EM were all involved in the chemical synthesis and design of the peptide-biphenyl hybrid-capped AuNPs. YP and MC performed the physico-chemical characterization of the AuNPs. All toxicity studies were validated and performed by MC and Rho supervised and coordinated by MLFC.

MLFC and JMN were involved in the conceptual design of toxicity experiments, data analysis and interpretation and assisted in the preparation of the manuscript. MC and YP drafted the manuscript and figures. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, including nanopillars, nanorods, nanotubes, and nanowires, are promising building blocks for constructing nanoscale electronical and optoelectronical elements and interconnects because of their unique physical properties [1]. In addition to the characterization, the fabrication of ordered arrays of 1D nanostructures has been one of the current research focuses of nanostructures engineering. In particular, the rotational glancing angle deposition (GLAD) has been demonstrated to be one powerful nanostructuring technique for the fabrication of columnar nanostructures in an orientation- and structure-controllable, material-independent fashion [2–6].