“
“Phase transitions of sodium niobate, prepared by the solid state synthesis method, were examined using dielectric measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and high temperature x-ray diffraction, in order Barasertib cost to contribute to the clarification of its structural behavior below 400 degrees C. Four phase transitions were detected in the ceramic sample using dielectric measurements and differential scanning calorimetry and the obtained temperatures were in a good agreement with previous reports for the transitions

of the P polymorph. The anomaly observed by dielectric measurements in the vicinity of 150 degrees C was frequency dependent and could be related to the dynamics of the

ferroelectric nanoregions. The phase transitions of the as-synthesized NaNbO3 powder were investigated using 3-Methyladenine molecular weight differential scanning calorimetry and high temperature x-ray diffraction. The results show the existence of the Q polymorph at room temperature, not previously reported for the powder, which undergoes a transition to the R polymorph upon heating through a temperature region between 265 and 326.5 degrees C. This transition is mainly related to the displacement of Na into a more symmetric position and a minor change in the tilting system. The structures at room temperature, 250, 300, and 420 degrees C were refined by the Rietveld method and the evolution of the tilting system of the octahedral network and cationic displacement are reported. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3512980]“
“Background:

The buy Napabucasin etiology of de novo membranous nephropathy (MN) after kidney transplantation is still uncertain. Immunological response to various allograft antigens is speculated to be a candidate for the etiology.

Methods:

Seventeen patients with post-transplant de novo MN were studied clinically

and pathologically in comparison with control post-transplant patients without MN. Double immunofluorescent staining was performed to identify the presence of donor-specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) combined with IgG in the deposits on glomerular capillary walls.

Results:

De novo MN occurs in relatively late period after transplantation (102.1 +/- 68.3 months), presenting various degree of proteinuria. Histological findings associated with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), such as peritubular capillaritis and C4d deposition in peritubular capillary, were more frequently observed in the patients with de novo MN than the non-MN control patients. Donor-specific antibody (DSA) was detected in five patients at the time of biopsy. In one case of de novo MN with DSA, a donor-derived HLA was identified in the subepithelial deposits on the glomerular capillary walls combined with IgG deposition.

We describe two cases of intramitral ring, the diagnostic challenge they provided, and the value of the information obtained using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in such cases. (c) 2011 Published by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.”
“AimsTo estimate the prevalence of self-reported misuse of the antipsychotic quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine) among a sample

of urban Australian people who inject drugs (PWID), and correlates of reported misuse in health and social domains.

Design, setting and participantsData were obtained from a national cross-sectional convenience sample survey of 868 urban PWID.

MeasurementsSelf-reported life-time and recent (past 6-month) use, and mode of use, of prescribed Nocodazole mw and non-prescribed quetiapine. Misuse’ calculated on non-oral use of the prescribed drug or non-prescribed use. Self-reported potential correlates of quetiapine misuse including socio-demographic, drug use and health and social characteristics.

FindingsThirty-one per cent of the sample [95% confidence interval (CI)=28-34%] reported ever misusing quetiapine, 15% (95% CI=13-17%) in the preceding 6 months. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that participants reporting any recent quetiapine

misuse were more likely to be from jurisdictions with AZD5363 cost higher population prescription rates. They were also more likely to report violent crime in the preceding month [odds ratio (OR)=1.96, 95% CI=1.17-3.29] and non-heroin drug overdose in the preceding 12 months (OR=3.52, 95% CI=1.39-8.91). Recent quetiapine misuse was also significantly associated with non-prescribed buy Rabusertib benzodiazepine use (OR=4.26, 95% CI=2.06-8.82), non-prescribed pharmaceutical opioid use (OR=2.76 95% CI 1.47-5.19) and amphetamine use

(OR=2.08, 95% CI=1.02-4.22) in the previous 6 months.

ConclusionsQuetiapine misuse appears to be common in PWID in urban Australia. Recent misuse is associated with localities reporting a higher rate of prescriptions and among individuals with a history of non-heroin drug overdose, violent crime and use of non-prescribed benzodiazepines and pharmaceutical opioids as well as amphetamines. Awareness of the potential for quetiapine misuse is important, as the drug is prescribed increasingly in a broader range of approved and off-label’ clinical contexts.”
“Background: Seasonal variation of stroke incidence has been reported in many countries. The present study was designed to elucidate seasonal and monthly variations in the incidence of subtypes of acute ischemic stroke and hypertensive hemorrhagic stroke using the Japanese Standard Stroke Registry Study (JSSRS) database, which is currently the world’s largest hospital-based stroke database, accumulating records from 163 Japanese institutions.

The protein was absorbed on DEAE-cellulose and Bio-GelA (R) P-100. The purified antifungal fraction was designated as B29I, with a molecular mass of 42.3 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE),

pI value 5.69 by isoelectric focusing (IEF)-PAGE, and 97.81% purity by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). B29I exhibited inhibitory activity on mycelial growth in Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliforme, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of its antifungal activity toward Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were 45 and 112 mu mol/L, respectively. B29I also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on conidial spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum and suppression of germ-tube elongation, and induced distortion, tumescence, and rupture of a portion of the selleck screening library germinated spores.”
“Si quantum dots (QDs) were formed by thermal annealing the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide films (a-SiC(x):H) with different C/Si ratio x, which were controlled by using a different gas ratio R of methane to silane during the deposition process. By adjusting CX-6258 chemical structure x and post annealing temperature, the QD size can be changed from 1.4 to 4.2 nm accordingly, which was verified by the Raman spectra and transmission electron microscopy images. Size-dependent

electroluminescence (EL) was observed, and the EL intensity was higher for the sample containing small-sized Si QDs due to the quantum confinement effect (QCE). The EL peak energy as a function of the Si QDs size was in good agreement with a modified effective mass approximation (EMA) model. The calculated finite barrier potential of the Si QDs embedded in SiC matrix is www.selleckchem.com/products/LY2603618-IC-83.html 0.4 and 0.8 eV for conduction and valence band, respectively. Moreover, the current-voltage properties and the linear relationship between the integrated EL intensity and injection current indicate that the carrier

transport is dominated by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and the EL mechanism is originated from the bipolar recombination of electron-hole pairs at Si QDs. Our results demonstrate Si QDs embedded in amorphous SiC matrix has the potential application in Si-based light emitting devices and the third-generation solar cells. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3641989]“
“Approximately 40-50 beta-defensins are predominantly expressed in the male reproductive system of mammals. This selective expression raises the question as to the roles of these molecules in innate immunity and fertility in the male reproductive tract. Rat beta-defensin 22 is an epididymis-specific beta-defensin expressed in segments 12-14 of the epididymis. This protein contains both beta-defensin and lectin signature sequences, yet its antimicrobial activity and carbohydrate-binding ability have not been shown.

As applications, we successfully separated spherical and

nonspherical particles with various major/minor lengths and also demonstrated the selection of budding/single cells from a yeast cell mixture. We therefore conclude that the HDF scheme can be used for find more continuous shape-based particle/cell separation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3580757]“
“Frequent outbreaks of foodborne illness have been increasing the awareness of food safety. Conventional methods for pathogen detection and identification are labor-intensive and take days to complete. Some immunological, rapid assays are developed, but these assays still require prolonged enrichment steps. Recently developed biosensors have shown potential for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens. In this study, ail impedimetric biosensor was developed for rapid detection of Salmonella entritidis in food sample. To develop the biosensor, an interdigitated CT99021 clinical trial microelectrode (IME) was fabricated by using a semiconductor fabrication process. Anti-Salmonella antibodies were immobilized based on neutravidin-biotin binding on the surface of the IME to form an active sensing layer. To evaluate the effect

of electrode gap on sensitivity of the sensor, 3 types of sensors with different electrode gap sizes (2, 5, and 10 pin) were fabricated and tested. The impedimetric biosensor could detect 10(3) CFU/mL of Salmonella in pork meat extract with an incubation time of 5 min. This method may provide a simple, rapid, and sensitive method to detect foodborne pathogens.”
“Objective: Family-centered care (FCC), which includes involving parents in conversations about medical management, is increasingly employed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Our aim was to determine which care decisions are discussed by neonatologists with

families most frequently and the percentage of clinicians influenced by such conversations.

Methods: Anonymous web-based survey provided to 2137 neonatologists assessing information sharing and parental involvement.

Results: Thousand and two neonatologists responded in which 893 fully completed the surveys. 88% practice FCC. Topics most frequently discussed with parents were blood transfusion, steroids JQ-EZ-05 concentration for lung disease and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) surgery, each being reported and discussed by more than 90% of respondents. Many therapies, including aminoglycoisdes, total parenteral nutrition, and phototherapy, were discussed with parents by far fewer clinicians. Additionally, parents had most influence on clinicians in two categories, blood transfusion and steroids, with more than 70% reporting that their practice was influenced by parental opinion if communicated. For some topics, such as PDA surgery and central line placement, conversations impacted few clinicians.

Conclusions: FCC appears to have an impact on NICU clinical decision-making processes, some more than others.

These small circuits represent the best-understood neural circuits with which to investigate how cell-to-cell synaptic connections and individual channel conductances combine to generate rhythmic and patterned output. In this review, some of the main lessons that have appeared from this analysis are discussed and concrete examples of circuits ranging from single phase to multiple phase patterns are described. While it is clear that the cellular components of any CPG are basically the same, the topology of the circuits have evolved independently to meet the particular motor requirements of each individual organism

and only a few general principles of circuit BTSA1 purchase operation have emerged. The principal usefulness of small systems in relation to the brain is to demonstrate in detail how cellular infrastructure can be used to generate rhythmicity and form specialized patterns in a way that may suggest how similar processes might occur in more complex systems. But some of the problems and challenges associated with applying data from invertebrate preparations to the brain Fer-1 are also discussed. Finally, I discuss why it is useful to have well-defined circuits with which to examine various computational models that can

be validated experimentally and possibly applied to brain circuits when the details of such circuits become available.”
“Well-aligned and highly ordered architectures are always required in many fields, such as tissue engineering, electronics, and preparation of composite materials. In this study, electrospun mats with well-aligned

fibers and various fiber assemblies were successfully fabricated by electrospinning of poly(vinylbutyral) (PVB)/inorganic salt solution under the optimal salt condition. Then, the effect of inorganic salts on the degree of electrospun fiber alignment was comprehensively investigated, and the results indicated that the viscosity and conductivity of the solutions were the key factors influencing the degree of fiber alignment. It was expected that this simple and feasible method could be helpful for the fabrication of the well-aligned electrospun fibers Fer-1 cost and various fiber assemblies. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 1047-1052, 2011″
“The increase in hysteresis loss associated with the altered microstructure and residual stress fields in regions near the cut edges of electrical steels is investigated by means of drag force measurements. Measurements are made using relatively narrow magnets on samples of two grades of nonoriented steels cut by laser or mechanical processes. Largest drag forces, hence losses, are consistently found in slow laser cut samples, smallest drag forces with fast laser cut samples, and moderately higher losses in mechanically cut samples. These results are consistent with other measurement methods. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.

24 vs (sic)724.72) with comparable effectiveness but 56% (versus 6%) required additional

foam (ISRCTN:03080206). (C) 2012 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Eradication or suppression of pathogens is a major goal in periodontal therapy. Due to the increase in antibiotic resistance, the need of new disinfection therapies is raising. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated anti-infective potential. No data are available on the use of light-emitting diode (LED) lights as the light source in PDT. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological and clinical adjunctive outcome of a new photodynamic LED device, compared to scaling and root planing in periodontitis patients in maintenance [supportive Adriamycin purchase periodontal therapy (SPT)]. In this masked, split-mouth design study, 30 treated chronic periodontitis subjects (mean age, 46.2 years; 13 males) in SPT were included. Two residual interdental sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 5 mm in two opposite quadrants, with positive bleeding on probing (BOP) and comparable periodontal breakdown, were selected. PPD, BOP and subgingival microbiological samples for real-time PCR analysis (CarpegenA (R) PerioDiagnostics, Carpegen GmbH, Munster, Germany) were DMXAA cost recorded at baseline and 1 week

after treatment. Scaling and root planing was performed under local anesthesia. Randomly one of the sites was selected to receive adjunctive photodynamic therapy

by inserting a photosensitizer (toluidine blue O solution) and exposing it to a LED light in the red spectrum (FotosanA (R), CMS Dental, Copenhagen, Denmark), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 1 week, 73 % of the control sites and 27 % of the test sites were still BOP+. These differences compared to baseline values and in-between groups were statistically significantly different (p < 0.001). Mean PPD decreased from 5.47 mm (+/- 0.68) to 4.73 mm (+/- 0.74, p < 0.001) in control sites and from 5.63 mm (+/- 0.85) to 4.43 mm (+/- 1.25, p < 0.001, test vs control p = 0.01) in the test group. Microbiologically, higher reductions of relative proportions of red complex bacteria were observed in test selleck screening library sites (68.1 vs. 4.1 %; p = 0.01). This study showed that adjunctive photodynamic treatment by LED light may enhance short-term clinical and microbiological outcome in periodontitis subjects in SPT.”
“Recent studies reveal that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) might play a role in the aetiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The involvement of the serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT(2A) receptor (5-HT(2A)R) in diabetes has also been Suggested. However. placental SERT and 5-HT(2A)R have never been studied in GDM-complicated pregnancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GDM oil the expression of both placental SERT and 5-HT(2A)R. First.

The present review covers the application of clinical metabolomics in three different areas of respiratory diseases in pediatrics: asthma, pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Comparison between two 1H-NMR urine spectra by two bronchiolitis patients are also presented.”
“Enterobacteriaceae, one of the major families of microorganisms that inhabit the soil and gut, internally regulate constant fluctuations in soil and

gut pH by buffering these changes through the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA). In our study, we prove the prevalence of beta-CA, derived from the can gene, in members of Enterobacteriaceae by using a combination of experimental and bioinformatics approaches. Enzyme purification and western blot analysis revealed the presence of beta-CA in Enterobacter sp. RS1. Genetic studies confirmed the presence of beta-CA in both Enterobacter Navitoclax nmr sp. RS1 and Citrobacter freundii SW3. Our analysis of the divergence of cynT 3-MA price and can genes among harboring members indicated that the can gene was more prominent in Enterobacteriaceae than cynT. Sequence analysis of the can gene revealed a > 25 % similarity among all sequences and a > 50 % similarity among sequences from the Enterobacteriaceae family. The beta-CA from C. freundii SW3 and Enterobacter sp. RS1, isolated from soil and used in this study, possessed a high similarity with the can gene. The close association among Enterobacteriaceae

genera usually found in the soil and gut and the sequence similarity of beta-CA in the different genera of Enterobacteriaceae suggest the importance of the can gene in oscillating environmental conditions.”
“Background LY2606368 in vitro and Purpose: Minimally invasive pyeloplasty is an effective treatment for patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction that offers quicker convalescence than open pyeloplasty. Technical challenges, however, may have limited its dissemination. We examined population trends and determinants of surgical options for

ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Patients and Methods: Using the State Inpatient and Ambulatory Surgery Databases for Florida, we identified adults who underwent ureteropelvic junction obstruction repair between 2001 and 2009. After determining the surgical approach (minimally invasive pyeloplasty, open pyeloplasty, or endopyelotomy), we estimated annual utilization rates and the effects of patient, surgeon, and hospital predictors on surgery type, using multilevel multinomial logistic regression.

Results: Rates of minimally invasive pyeloplasty increased 360% (P for monotonic trend < 0.01), while rates of open pyeloplasty decreased 56% (P < 0.01). Rates of endopyelotomy were substantially higher and remained relatively stable (P = 0.27). Compared with open pyeloplasty, minimally invasive pyeloplasty was used more commonly among patients with private insurance (odds ratio [OR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.

A ‘fast food’ diet pattern explained the greatest proportion of the variance (5.5%), followed by ‘health aware’ (4.1%), ‘traditional’ (3.6%), and ‘sweet’ (3.3%) factors. Participants consuming more items from the fast food pattern were younger, more likely to be smokers and employed, but not partnered. The ‘health aware’ diet pattern was inversely associated with concentrations of CRP and homocysteine, and positively with HDL-cholesterol.

Conclusions: A fast food

dietary pattern, high in saturated fat, explained the greatest proportion of the variance in a representative sample of adults on low income from the UK. There was, however, considerable heterogeneity buy VX-770 in dietary intake among this socially deprived group and healthy eating was associated with lower CVD risk markers. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We report the case of a 54-year-old patient affected by ankylosing spondylitis who developed multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction blocks after 8 months of infliximab treatment. TNF alpha antagonist therapy has been associated with the development of both central nervous system and peripheral nervous system disorders, mainly of the demyelinating type. To our knowledge, this seems to be the second

reported case of infliximab-related typical multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction blocks in which no other underlying causes of neuropathy were present. It is also the first in which typical multifocal motor neuropathy Selleck JNK inhibitor with conduction blocks spontaneously recovered without Selleck Dorsomorphin Ig.ev treatment and did not reappear over a long follow-up period. In our opinion, this strengthens the hypothesis of an actual adverse effect of infliximab in this patient. Finally, our case is the first one occurring

in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis.”
“P>WRKY transcription factors play a central role in controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. One important member, WRKY53, is tightly regulated by various mechanisms, and is a convergence node between senescence and pathogen responses. Using WRKY53 in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we isolated the HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligase UPL5. In contrast to mammals, Arabidopsis contains only seven HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose targets and functions are largely unknown. In yeast cells, UPL5 interacts with WRKY53 via its leucine zipper domain, and this interaction was confirmed in the cytoplasm of plant cells by a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. UPL5 was able to use the WRKY53 protein as a substrate for polyubiquitination in an in vitro system, and induction of UPL5 expression by an ethanol-inducible system in upl5 plants led to degradation of the WRKY53 protein. Expression of both genes is regulated antagonistically in response to hydrogen peroxide, jasmonic acid and plant development. Two T-DNA insertion lines (upl5-1 and upl5-2) showed the same senescence phenotype as WRKY53 over-expressers.

Conclusion. This is, to our knowledge, the first case of bacteremia coexisting with

multiple areas of tophaceous gout of the spine. Although uncommon, gouty spine should be added into the differential diagnosis of patients with back pain and bacteremia.”
“Background: Hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis can precipitate subclinical myocardial ischemia, which over time contributes to the development of cardiac failure and is associated with a poor prognosis. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is also associated with acute changes in systemic hemodynamics and a similarly high incidence of cardiovascular disease; we therefore sought to examine whether the hemodynamic effects of a PD exchange would be sufficient to induce subclinical myocardial ischemia.

Methods: 10 patients on PD entered a prospective observational study to determine whether left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs) developed Geneticin Blebbistatin Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor following a dialysate exchange. Serial echocardiography with quantitative analysis was used to assess

ejection fraction and regional systolic LV function (shortening fraction). Blood pressure (BP) and hemodynamic variables were measured using continuous pulse wave analysis.

Results: We observed a very low frequency of RWMA development (5/100 regions). Only 1 patient had more than 1 RWMA and 6 patients were entirely unaffected. Overall mean shortening fraction increased when comparing pre and post values for both 2-chamber (from 3.06% +/- 1.5% to 4.26% +/- 1.3%, p = 0.001) and 4-chamber (from 3.00% +/- 0.7% to 3.67% +/- 0.9%, p = 0.021) analyses. Mean arterial pressure fell by a small degree during drainage of dialysate, with a larger rise in BP observed during instillation. These changes were driven by changes in peripheral resistance that fell during drainage and rose during instillation.

Conclusions: In contrast to hemodialysis, the acute effects of PD do not result in subclinical myocardial ischemia.”
“Species of the genus Qualea are used by the Brazilian people

GS-1101 solubility dmso as a natural anti-inflammatory. Based on this evidence, we evaluated the effects of terpene fractions beta F and TF (rich in beta-sitosterol and terpenoids, respectively) obtained from Qualea multiflora on nitric oxide production, cytokines (IL-1, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-alpha) and the transcription factor NF-kappa B by peritoneal macrophages. Since there is a relationship between inflammation and cancer, the cytotoxicity of beta F and TF against mammary and pulmonary tumoural cell lineages, and macrophages was evaluated. Inhibition levels close to 90% of the production of NO, IL-1, IL-12 and TNF-alpha; about 32% of NF-kappa B; and a large stimulation of IL-10 production (close to the positive control) by peritoneal macrophages were observed in response to beta F and TF which are correlated with anti-inflammatory activity.

The results show an interplay between the endocannabinoid and dopaminergic signaling in activation of the limbic reward system. The mechanisms leading to development of dependence

are very complex and poorly recognized. Endogenous cannabinoids seem to have an important role in the functioning of this system, both directly and indirectly affecting the level of different neurotransmitters. The effect of alcohol on the endocannabinoid system is also complex and involves changes at the molecular level. Experimental studies have demonstrated an important role of the CB1 receptors in the neurochemical mechanism of alcohol consumption and its regulation. SR141716 (rimonabant), a CB1 receptor Selleckchem ABT-263 antagonist, significantly lowers voluntary alcohol intake and motivation for its consumption in various experimental studies. Very encouraging results of preclinical studies were not completely confirmed in the clinical studies. However, further clinical studies are still necessary.”
“The aim of this study was to explore changes in liver volume and intrahepatic fat in morbidly obese patients during 4 weeks of low-calorie diet (LCD) before surgery and

to investigate if these changes would facilitate the following laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Fifteen female patients (121.3 kg, BMI 42.9) were treated preoperatively in an open study with LCD (800-1,100 kcal/day) during 4 weeks. Liver volume and fat content E1 Activating inhibitor were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy before and after the LCD treatment.

Liver appearance and the complexity of the surgery were scored at the operation. Eighteen control patients (114.4 kg, BMI 40.8),

without LCD were scored similarly. Average weight loss in the STI571 mw LCD group was 7.5 kg, giving a mean weight of 113.9 kg at surgery. Liver volume decreased by 12% (p < 0.001) and intrahepatic fat by 40% (p < 0.001). According to the preoperative scoring, the size of the left liver lobe, sharpness of the liver edge, and exposure of the hiatal region were improved in the LCD group compared to the controls (all p < 0.05).

The overall complexity of the surgery was perceived lower in the LCD group (p < 0.05), due to improved exposure and reduced psychological stress (both p < 0.05). Four weeks of preoperative LCD resulted in a significant decrease in liver volume and intrahepatic fat content, and facilitated the subsequent laparoscopic gastric bypass as scored by the surgeon.”
“This review study explores the available data relating to the impact of financial crisis and subsequently applied austerity measures on the health care, social services and health promotion policies in Greece.

It is evident that Greece is affected more than any other European country by the financial crisis. Unemployment, job insecurity, income reduction, poverty and increase of mental disorders are among the most serious consequences of crisis in the socioeconomic life.