Design: Controlled prospective animal study. Setting: Research laboratory at academic medical center. Subjects: Conscious unrestrained young and aged male mice. Interventions: Mice were treated with the TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin, a TRPM8 inhibitor (“compound 5″), or their combination and the effects on core temperature

(T-core) were measured by implanted thermocouples and wireless transponders. Measurements and Main Results: TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin produced a dose-dependent (2-4 mg/kg Selleckchem LY3023414 s.c.) drop in T-core. A loading dose followed by continuous infusion of dihydrocapsaicin produced a rapid and prolonged ( bigger than 6 hr) drop of T-core within the therapeutic range (32-34 degrees C). The hypothermic effect of dihydrocapsaicin was augmented in aged mice and was not desensitized with repeated administration. TRPM8 inhibitor “compound 5″ (20 mg/kg s.c.) augmented the drop in core temperature during cold exposure (8 degrees C). When “compound 5″ (30 mg/kg) was combined with dihydrocapsaicin (1.25-2.5 mg/kg), the drop in

T-core was amplified and prolonged. Conclusions: Activating warm receptors (TRPV1) produced rapid and lasting hypothermia in young and old mice. Furthermore, hypothermia induced by TRPV1 agonists was potentiated and prolonged by simultaneous inhibition of TRPM8.”
“Ethnopharmacological relevance: Byrsonima verbascifolia is used in folk medicine to treat diarrhea, Selleck MI-503 intestinal LXH254 infections, chronic wounds, Chagas disease, inflammation and as a diuretic. However there is no investigation regarding the Byrsonima verbascifolia hydrometanolic extract (BVHME) used during gestation. Materials and methods: The pregnant females were randomly divided

into 5 groups. Control group received saline plus DMSO (1%) in a volume of 0.1 mL/10 g (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and throughout the gestational period. The Pre-treatment group received the BVHME, via gavage, at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.) for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to the appearance of the vaginal plug. The Organogenesis group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, on the 5-15th gestational day. The Gestational group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, throughout the gestational period (from the 1st to the 18th day of pregnancy). The Pre+Gestational group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to throughout the gestational period. The clinical signals of maternal and fetuses toxicity were evaluated, as the mutagenicity and immunomodulation tests were performed.

This compound was identified as 2-(2-ethoxy-5-(2-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetyl)phenyl)-5-methyl-7-propyl-imidazo(5,1-f)-(1,2,4)triazin-4(3H)-one, which is also called acetylvardenafil. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Thrombin-generation and activation of platelets during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) play a key role for early thrombotic

events. Heparin and bivalirudin are approved anticoagulants for PCI. We examined the specific effects of these anticoagulants on platelet adhesion and aggregation under high shear conditions, and the presence of excess thrombin. To simulate in vivo conditions that may precipitate a bleeding/thrombotic event, we added thrombin in vitro to blood samples from 89 stable patients who had been randomly assigned to receive heparin or bivalirudin for elective PCI and examined Ispinesib clinical trial thrombin-inducible platelet adhesion and aggregation under high shear conditions. Platelet adhesion increased by 10% of baseline with

heparin, but decreased by 20% with bivalirudin (p=0.0047). Thrombin-inducible platelet adhesion and size of aggregates was equally inhibited by heparin and bivalirudin. Thus, under high shear conditions and excessive thrombin generation as they occur in atherosclerotic vascular compartments and acute vascular syndromes, heparin and bivalirudin inhibit thrombin-induced platelet adhesion and aggregation to Wnt inhibitor a similar extent, while they have opposite effects on platelet adhesion in the absence of thrombin.”
“Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of an expandable implant (EI) in ovariectomized sheep.\n\nMethods: The EI and taper implant (control group) were produced and placed in mandibles of ovariectomized sheep.

Twelve weeks after implantation, resonance frequency analysis, biomechanical tests, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography were applied to detect the osseointegration in the 2 groups.\n\nResults: ML323 mouse The implant stability quotient values, maximal pullout forces, and bone-implant contact (BIC) were 60.3 +/- 7.9, 511.0 +/- 18.7 N, and 53.14% +/- 4.56%, respectively, in the EI group and 58.3 +/- 8.9, 394.5 +/- 54.5 N, and 46.85% +/- 5.04%, respectively, in the control group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in implant stability quotient values (P > .05); however, in the EI group the maximal pullout force and BIC were increased significantly (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Micro-computed tomography analysis showed that the bone volume/total volume ratio and trabecular number increased significantly (P < .01) and trabecular separation decreased significantly (P < .05) in the EI group.

We have previously demonstrated that (i) inactivated yeasts of Candida albicans induce in vitro differentiation of HSPCs towards the myeloid lineage, and (ii) soluble TLR agonists induce in vivo their differentiation Ricolinostat manufacturer towards macrophages.

In this work, using an in vivo model of HSPCs transplantation, we report for the first time that HSPCs sense C.albicans in vivo and subsequently are directed to produce macrophages by a TLR2-dependent signalling. Purified lineage-negative cells (Lin-) from bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice (CD45.2 alloantigen) were transplanted into B6Ly5.1 mice (CD45.1 alloantigen), which were then injected with viable or inactivated C.albicans yeasts. Transplanted cells were detected in the spleen and in the bone marrow of recipient selleck kinase inhibitor mice, and they differentiate preferentially to macrophages, both in response to infection or in response to inactivated yeasts. The generation of macrophages was dependent on TLR2 but independent of TLR4, as transplanted Lin- cells from TLR2-/- mice did not give rise to macrophages, whereas Lin- cells from TLR4-/- mice generated macrophages similarly to control cells. Interestingly, the absence

of TLR2, or in a minor extent TLR4, gives Lin- cells an advantage in transplantation assays, as increases the percentage of transplanted recovered cells. Our results indicatethat TLR-mediated recognition of C.albicans by HSPCs Selleck LEE011 may help replace and/or increase cells that constitute the first line of defence against the fungus, and suggest that

TLR-mediated signalling may lead to reprogramming early progenitors to rapidly replenishing the innate immune system and generate the most necessary mature cells to deal with the pathogen.”
“Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) expresses an 87-amino acid protein named p13 that is targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Previous studies showed that a synthetic peptide spanning an alpha helical domain of p13 alters mitochondrial membrane permeability to cations, resulting in swelling. The present study examined the effects of full-length p13 on isolated, energized mitochondria. Results demonstrated that p13 triggers an inward K+ current that leads to mitochondrial swelling and confers a crescent-like morphology distinct from that caused by opening of the permeability transition pore. p13 also induces depolarization, with a matching increase in respiratory chain activity, and augments production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects require an intact alpha helical domain and strictly depend on the presence of K+ in the assay medium. The effects of p13 on ROS are mimicked by the K+ ionophore valinomycin, while the protonophore FCCP decreases ROS, indicating that depolarization induced by K+ vs.

A total of 868 IR cases and 2,600 control children were identified. In age- and sex-adjusted model, only two SNPs in/near GNPDA2 and KCTD15 genes were significantly associated with risk of IR [GNPDA2 rs10938397: allelic odds ratio

(OR) = 1.19, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.34, P = 0.003; KCTD15 rs29941: allelic OR = 1.15, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.31, P = 0.034]; genetic risk score was also significantly associated risk of IR (OR = 1.08, 95 % 1.04-1.12, P = 1.18 x 10(-4)). After additional adjustment for BMI, none remained significant. The associations of GNPDA2 rs10938397 and the SNPs in combination ASP2215 mouse with risk of IR remained statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. The present study demonstrated that the associations of GNPDA2 rs10938397 and the SNPs in combination with risk of IR were statistically significant, which were dependent on BMI.”
“In iron-replete environments, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fur (ferric uptake regulator) protein represses expression of two small regulatory RNAs encoded by prrF1 and prrF2. Here we describe the effects of iron and PrrF regulation on P. aeruginosa physiology. We show that PrrF represses genes encoding

enzymes for the degradation of anthranilate (i.e. antABC), a precursor of the check details Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS). Under iron-limiting conditions, PQS production was greatly decreased in a Delta prrF1,2 mutant as compared with wild type. The addition of anthranilate to the growth medium restored PQS production to the Delta prrF1,2 mutant, indicating that its defect in PQS production is a consequence of anthranilate degradation. PA2511 was shown to encode

an anthranilate-dependent activator of the ant genes and was subsequently renamed antR. AntR was not required for regulation of antA by PrrF but was required for optimal iron activation of antA. Furthermore, iron was capable of activating both antA and antR in a Delta prrF1,2 mutant, indicating the presence of two distinct yet overlapping SIS3 clinical trial pathways for iron activation of antA (AntR-dependent and PrrF-dependent). Additionally, several quorum-sensing regulators, including PqsR, influenced antA expression, demonstrating that regulation of anthranilate metabolism is intimately woven into the quorum-sensing network of P. aeruginosa. Overall, our data illustrate the extensive control that both iron regulation and quorum sensing exercise in basic cellular physiology, underlining how intermediary metabolism can affect the regulation of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa.”
“Aim: To determine if exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to chloraminated drinking water can lead to individual bacteria with resistance to antibiotics.\n\nMethods and Results: Biofilms of P. aeruginosa PA14 were grown in drinking water in a Kadouri drip-fed reactor; the biofilms were treated with either 0.5 mg l(-1) or 1.

A novel modification of the adipocyte isolation aimed at ensuring the initial purity of the adipocytes and avoiding ceiling culture allowed isolation JNK signaling inhibitor of DFAT cells with pluripotent characteristics. Thus, the adipocyte-derived DFAT cells represent a plastic stem cell population that is highly responsive to changes in culture conditions and may benefit cell-based therapies.”
“OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between the presence of sperm in the vasal fluid during vasectomy reversal (VR) and postoperative patency. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the English-language literature reporting on the association between the presence of sperm in the intraoperative vasal fluid (ie, whole or parts vs none) and patency (ie, patent or not) after microsurgical vasovasostomy for men with obstructive azoospermia due to vasectomy. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to quantify the strength of the association reported by each study. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. RESULTS Four case series and 2 retrospective cohort studies of a total of 1293 eligible patients were identified. The mean age at VR was 37.8 DMXAA cell line years, and the mean obstructive interval was 7.1 years. The unadjusted OR of postoperative patency was 4.1 times higher (95% confidence interval, 2.3-7.3) given the presence of intravasal sperm or sperm Screening Library parts as opposed

to their absence at the time of VR (Q = 3.4; df = 5; P = .6; I-2 = 22%). The pooled OR should be interpreted with caution as only the 2 retrospective cohort studies reported meaningful data on this association. Because of inconsistent reporting, analysis of other vasal fluid characteristics (eg, consistency) and outcomes (eg, pregnancy) was not possible. CONCLUSION The presence of whole sperm or sperm parts in the vasal fluid during VR is positively associated with postoperative patency. Our review highlights the poor methodological quality of existing evidence and underscores the need for more thorough follow up and higher standards of reporting in future studies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc.”
“Dai P, Stewart AK,

Chebib F, Hsu A, Rozenfeld J, Huang D, Kang D, Lip V, Fang H, Shao H, Liu X, Yu F, Yuan H, Kenna M, Miller DT, Shen Y, Yang W, Zelikovic I, Platt OS, Han D, Alper SL, Wu BL. Distinct and novel SLC26A4/Pendrin mutations in Chinese and U. S. patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Physiol Genomics 38: 281-290, 2009. First published June 9, 2009; doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00047.2009.-Mutations of the human SLC26A4/PDS gene constitute the most common cause of syndromic and nonsyndromic hearing loss. Definition of the SLC26A4 mutation spectrum among different populations with sensorineural hearing loss is important for development of optimal genetic screening services for congenital hearing impairment. We screened for SLC26A4 mutations among Chinese and U. S.

Thus, our findings indicate that a certain range of mechanical stress magnitudes, termed window stress threshold, drives formation of cell proliferation and differentiation patterns and RG7440 hence possibly functions as a morphogenetic cue for local tissue pattern formation in vivo. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ding-Zhi-Xiao-Wan (DZ, also known as Kai-Xin-San) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of emotional disease. Previously, we have

found that in a variety of animal models of depression (such as tail suspension model, model of chronic fatigue and forced swimming model) DZ demonstrated significant antidepressant behavior and promoted the production of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). However, the mechanisms of 5-HT regulation are still unclear. Therefore, the current study is designed to further investigate the antidepressant effect of DZ by observing its influence on 5-HT synthesis, metabolism, transport and other key links, so as to clarify the molecular mechanism of its 5-HT regulation.\n\nMaterials and methods: Solitary rising combined with the chronic unpredictable mild stress

(CMS) was used to establish the rat model of depression. The rats were given DZ for 3 weeks, the behavior change and the following items in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were detected

simultaneously: 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid Selleckchem AG14699 (5-HIAA), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) were observed.\n\nResults: Our results showed that treatment selleck chemicals with the DZ significantly improved the behavior and simultaneously increased the 5-HT level in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex tissues and hippocampus extracellular of depressive rats. In future studies revealed that DZ could significantly increase the protein and mRNA expression of the key enzymes TPH during the 5-HT synthesis process in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the depressed rats, and suppress the expression of 5-HTT protein and mRNA at the same time. But it had no effects on MAO-A and MAO-B activities.\n\nConclusion: We believe that antidepressant effect of DZ is caused by the increase of 5-HT synthesis and reduction of 5-HT re-uptake, and eventually increase the content of 5-HT in the brain and the synaptic gaps. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Surgery is the mainstay of multimodal treatment for hepatoblastomas. Among the various staging systems used, PRETEXT is currently adopted in all major study groups worldwide as a common pretreatment staging system.

Also, only small changes in compensatory regrowth were detected. Finally, we did not observe changes in below-ground tissues’ defenses or biomass a week following 50% removal of leaf tissues at either age class or history of damage. Together, these results suggest that in P. lanceolata and perhaps BMS-345541 in vivo other systems, ontogenetic trajectories in plant growth and defenses leading to strong age-dependent induced responses may prevail over herbivore-induced indirect interactions.”
“This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different phases of feed restriction on the metabolism and placental indices of growing heifers inseminated with sexed semen of

one bull and on the birth weights of their calves. Red-Holstein heifers were randomly divided into three groups. C-group animals (N=17) daily received recommended energy and crude protein (standard diet). ER-Group animals (N=14) were fed 60% of recommended energy and crude protein for the first two pregnancy months followed by the standard diet. LR-group animals (N=13) were provided with the standard diet throughout the first seven months and with 60% energy and crude protein for the last two months of pregnancy. Blood metabolites and weights of dams were assessed regularly during pregnancy. Placenta weight, area of TGF-beta inhibitor placentomes and calves’

birth weights were examined directly after birth. The physiological levels of blood metabolites varied GDC0068 in

C-group animals during the different pregnancy stages. Both restriction periods resulted in reduced weight gain of the dams. ER-group animals showed a marked compensatory growth during mid-pregnancy. Serum glucose, cholesterol and beta-hydroxybutyrate were lower in ER-group animals compared with C-group animals during early restriction. During late restriction, only non-esterified fatty acids increased in LR-group animals. Placental parameter and calves’ birth weights did not differ between groups. Results indicate only minor effects of a 40% energy and protein restriction during early or late pregnancy in growing heifers on maternal metabolic and placental indices as well as on foetal development, but further studies might show long-term consequences of offspring. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Benzofuranone (BF1) was synthesized and its effects evaluated on mechanical hypersensitivity and paw edema models induced by different agents and on neuropathic pain induced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. An attempt was also made to elucidate the mechanism of action. METHODS: Swiss mice were used for the tests. Hypersensitivity was induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan, bradykinin (BK), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), epinephrine, lipopolysaccharide, or complete Freund adjuvant or by using a neuropathic pain model (evaluated with von Frey filament 0.6 g).

Sixty Wistar female rats used were divided into four groups: (1) normal rats (control), (2) diabetic rats, (3) diabetic rats treated with VACC, and (4) diabetic this website rats treated with vanadium nitrate. A standardized type 1-like diabetes model was induced by injection of streptozotocin.

After the rats were treated orally with VACC and IV respectively, plasma glucose, body weights, micro-CT, biomechanical testing, and histomorphometry were examined. In addition, bone samples were obtained to evaluate the content of mineral substances in bones. Treatments were performed over a 12-week period. Both VACC and IV have a positive effect on plasma glucose and body weights of STZ-induced diabetic rats. However, treatment with IV only caused a 39.6 % decrease in glucose levels and a 14.6 % increase in body weights, whereas VACC decreased plasma glucose and increased body weights by up to 52.2 and 24.5 %, respectively. At the same time, VACC significantly improved trabecular microstructure and mechanical strength, while IV did not exhibit desirable such effects. Also, bone Ca and bone P were not significantly increased by IV. These results indicated that both VACC and IV have hypoglycemic activity on diabetic rats, while IV did not improve bone properties. In conclusion, this study suggests that VACC improves diabetes-related bone

dysfunction, primarily by improving Selleck PCI-32765 the diabetic states.”
“CXCL8 and its receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) play important roles in CNS development, neuronal survival, modulation of excitability, and neuroimmune response. The aim of this study is to evaluate gene expression of CXCL8 and CXCR1/CXCR2 in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) of Iranian patients with relapsing remitting (RR) form of Multiple sclerosis Small molecule library cell assay (MS). We explored the mRNA expression of CXCL8 and its receptors in PBCs of 49 RR-MS patients in remitting status and 60 healthy controls by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Median expression of CXCL8 mRNA in peripheral blood of MS patients decreased more than 3-fold compared to control group

(p<0.001), while there were not significant differences in CXCR1 and CXCR2 gene expression between MS patients and healthy subjects (p = 0.159 and p = 0.248, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation of CXCR2 expression with EDSS (rs = -0.432, p = 0.004). It appears that decreased expression of CXCL8 may lead to a raised risk of MS.”
“BACKGROUND. Metastases to the brain front ovarian and endometrial carcinoma are uncommon and to the authors’ knowledge consensus regarding optimal management is lacking. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has proven Useful for the treatment of many benign and malignant brain tumors.. In the current study, the authors evaluated outcomes after SRS in patients with ovarian and endometrial carcinoma.\n\nMETHODS. Twenty-seven patients with brain metastases Underwent gamma-knife SRS.

pylori infection. Regular arrangement of collecting venules (RAC) in the angle, fundic gland polyposis, hemorrhagic erosion and bleeding spot in the corpus and red streaks, and erosions (flat, raised, hemorrhagic and bleeding spot) in the antrum may be used

as see more diagnostic features suggesting negative H.pylori infection. ConclusionIt is suggested that endoscopic diagnosis of H.pylori infection in gastric mucosa by conventional endoscopy and the IC method is mostly possible.”
“Background: Metabolic bone disease in patients with chronic liver disease is called hepatic osteodystrophy and is primarily a sequel to osteopenia/osteoporosis, and rarely secondary to osteomalacia: The aim of this work was to define the influence of vitamin D-3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the pathogenesis of hepatic osteodystrophy, as well as the predictive significance of biochemical bone markers. Methods: This prospective study included 58 male patients with alcoholic (49) and viral (9) cirrhosis. The concentrations of serum vitamin D-3, PTH, osteocalcin and beta-carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (beta-CTX) were determined. 5-Fluoracil datasheet Bone density was measured

by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in the L1 -L4 spinal segment and the femoral neck. Results: Lower bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 41 patients (70.7%). There was no significant correlation between PTH and vitamin D3 values and T score in the femoral neck (p=0.51; p=0.063) and lumbar spine

(p=0.49; 0.064). Also, no significant correlation was found between the osteocalcin values in lumbar spine BMD (p=0.944) and femoral neck (p=0.161), or with beta-CTX values and BMD in the lumbar spine (p=0.347) and femoral neck (p=0.73). Statistically significant difference was confirmed between the stage A osteocalcin (p=0.000) and beta-CTX (p=0.008) values in relation to advanced stages B and C. Conclusions: PTH and vitamin D3 do not influence the development of hepatic osteodystrophy. In patients with cirrhosis, osteocalcin and beta-CTX are not valid indicators of decreased BMD, but their values correlate with the degree of liver insufficiency.”
“We report Nirogacestat manufacturer the case of a 46-year-old Japanese woman with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder presenting with repeated hypersomnia accompanied by decreased CSF orexin level. First episode associated with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction showed bilateral hypothalamic lesions that can cause secondary damage to the orexin neurons. The second episode associated with impaired memory showed a left temporal lesion involving the amygdala. The mechanism remains unknown, but the reduced blood flow in the hypothalamus ipsilateral to the amygdala lesion suggested trans-synaptic hypothalamic dysfunction secondary to the impaired amygdala.

Therefore, the in vivo efficacy was studied. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice were fed a high cholesterol diet (0.15%) for two months to measure the atherogenic areas of the hearts and aortas. When triacsin C was orally administered (10 mg/kg/day), the atherosclerotic areas were significantly reduced by 86% in aorta and 36% in hearts. The results strongly suggested that triacsin

C shows anti-atherogenic activity by inhibiting acyl-CoA synthetase activity.”
“Object. The purpose of this study was to use MRI and histology to compare stereotactic lesioning modalities in a large brain model of Integrin inhibitor thalamotomy.\n\nMethods. A unilateral thalamotomy was performed in piglets utilizing one of 3 stereotactic lesioning modalities: focused ultrasound (FUS), radiofrequency, and radiosurgery. Standard clinical lesioning parameters selleck chemicals llc were used for each treatment; and clinical, MRI, and histological assessments were made at early (<72 hours), subacute (1 week), and later (1-3 months) time intervals.\n\nResults. Histological and MRI assessment showed

similar development for PUS and radiofrequency lesions. T2-weighted MRI revealed 3 concentric lesional zones at 48 hours with resolution of perilesional edema by 1 week. Acute ischemic infarction with macrophage infiltration was most prominent at 72 hours, with subsequent resolution of the inflammatory reaction and coalescence of the necrotic selleck inhibitor zone. There was no apparent difference in ischemic penumbra or “sharpness” between FUS or radiofrequency lesions. The radiosurgery lesions presented differently, with latent effects, less circumscribed lesions at 3 months, and apparent histological changes seen in white matter beyond the thalamic target. Additionally, thermal and radiation lesioning gradients were compared with modeling by dose to examine the theoretical penumbra.\n\nConclusions. In swine thalamus, FUS and radiosurgery lesions evolve similarly as determined by MRI,

histological examination, and theoretical modeling. Radiosurgery produces lesions with more delayed effects and seemed to result in changes in the white matter beyond the thalamic target.”
“Objectives. This study tested the hypothesis that patients with depression show less and later declines into lower EEG vigilance stages (different global functional brain states) under resting conditions than healthy controls, as proposed by the vigilance theory of affective disorders. Methods. Thirty patients with Major Depressive Disorder (19 female; mean age: 37.2 years, SD: 12.6) without psychotropic medication and 30 carefully age-and sex-matched controls (19 female; mean age: 37.3 years, SD: 12.8) without past or present mental disorders underwent a 15-min resting EEG.