In the Netherlands, a study by Tilburg et al. [28] sampled ST20 from cattle and ST33 from humans, sheep and goats. Huijsmans et al. [21] also genotyped recent https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd6738.html samples from the Netherlands, albeit not with MST. However, overlapping reference samples, the results from Tilburg et al. [28] and a comparison to the phylogenetic relationships of MST genotypes, suggests that the Huijsmans [21] genotypes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 are likely to be (or be closely related to) MST genotypes

ST33, ST20, ST20, ST8 and ST18 respectively. While likely ST8 samples Staurosporine mouse have been associated with recent livestock and human clinical samples, such associations with likely ST20 samples are rare (for example see [29]) and it is not clear if any of the Spanish ST20 samples were from animals with clinical manifestations [21, 27, 28, 30]. From the recent outbreak in a UK dairy goat herd [29] and historical

collections, it is clear that ST20 can cause disease in humans and livestock [19, 20]. The scarcity of ST20 among clinical samples, despite being the dominant genotype among cow milk samples, suggests that U.S. ST20 strains have a reduced ability to cause disease in humans or cause a very mild form. Prevalence of C. burnetii on goat and cow farms has been previously assessed, but comparisons across studies are difficult due to different serological or DNA-based detection methods. Sampling individual animals, herds, or products pooled across herds also confounds comparisons although as expected, BAY 11-7082 prevalence generally increases as bulk samples become inclusive of more individuals [6, 8, 13, 34–37]. Similarly, we

found that milk from four of 20 sampled cows were positive while all 3 samples from the bulk milk holding tank (containing milk from 120 cows) were positive. Our milk samples from retail brands bottled in commercial processing plants likely include milk pooled from different (and much larger) dairy farms, making it impossible to know the extent and distribution of infections among cows and herds. However, our detection of C. burnetii DNA in every goat and cow milk sample from the same brands (i.e. processing plants) over time and >95% of milk samples from processing plants across the USA shows high 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase prevalence at either or both the individual and herd levels. Indeed, the prevalence rate reported here is comparable to the high rates reported in other studies [8, 12, 13]. Notwithstanding existing immunity, infectious diseases are density dependent, leading us to suspect that the ratio of infected to uninfected cows on some farms may be greater than our single farm results. Nonetheless, while a small number of infected animals may contaminate a large quantity of milk, it is probable that a significant portion of the 9.2 million dairy cows in the USA [38] are infected with C. burnetii at any given time [13]. Across the ~2.5 year period of sample collection, there was no variation in prevalence of C.

5% * Femoral neck T-scorea  Mean T-score (95% CI) −1.24 (−1.29, −1.18) −1.75 (−1.87, −1.64) **  T-score >−1 39.5%* 24.7% *  T-score <−1 and >−2.5 45.8%* 46.5%*  T-score ≤−2.5 13.4%* 27.8% * t test for comparison of mean T-score and ANOVA test for category of T-score *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001 aLocal Southern Chinese normative database was used for calculation of this website T-scores The clinical risk factors associated with vertebral fractures in selleck inhibitor logistic regression were age, BMI, menarche

age, years since menopause, smoking or drinking, calcium intake, fracture history, and fall in the last 12 months (Table 3). The prevalence of vertebral fracture increased markedly with increasing age and number of clinical risk factors (Table 4 and Fig. 1). For example, the prevalence of vertebral fractures in Southern Chinese women increased sharply with age from 19% (88/459) between 60 and 69 years to 44% (89/204) between 70 and 79 years, to 68% (30/44) for those ≥80 years. Additionally, the highest prevalence of vertebral fractures was found in postmenopausal women with four to eight clinical www.selleckchem.com/products/ag-881.html risk factors at every 10-year age group (Fig. 1). Likewise, the prevalence of vertebral fracture increased significantly with increasing clinical risk factors from 12% with zero or one risk factor to 47% with four or more risk factors. Interestingly, adding

BMD T-score information did not alter the model significantly (omnibus test p = 0.081), suggesting that the addition of BMD information did not improve the discrimination ability of the model. Sclareol For example, the odds for vertebral fractures in women with four or more risk factors was 2.26 when compared with women who had the lowest risk (zero to one risk factor) whereas women with a low BMD (T-score ≤−2.5) and four or more risk factors had a similar odds of 2.64, when compared

with women who had the lowest risk (BMD T-score >−2.5 and zero to one risk factor) (Table 4). Table 3 Risk factors for prevalent vertebral fractures based on logistic regression model   Odds ratio 95% CI p Age (every 5 years increase) 1.60 1.46–1.76 <0.0001 Height 0.86 0.83–0.97 <0.0001 Weight 0.97 0.95–0.98 0.001 Body mass index (treat as continuous variable) 1.05 1.01–1.09 0.006 Menarche age 1.20 1.12–1.30 <0.0001 Age at menopause 1.00 0.96–1.04 0.94 Years since menopause 1.08 1.06–1.10 <0.0001 Current smoker/drinker 1.99 1.19–3.33 0.008 Dietary calcium intake <400 mg/day 1.46 1.03–2.06 0.03 Dietary isoflavone intake <9.6 mg/day 1.15 0.88–1.50 0.30 Steroid use 1.41 0.16–12.1 0.75 Previous history of taking contraceptive pills 0.44 0.30–0.65 <0.0001 Previous history of thyroid disease 1.49 0.78–2.85 0.21 Previous history of fracture after age of 45 yearsa 3.80 2.77–5.41 <0.0001 History of maternal fracture after age of 45 years 1.23 0.52–1.88 0.46 1 or more falls in 12 months 3.27 2.29–4.65 <0.

In addition, women with abnormal serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid or thyroid hormone, or liver function tests were excluded as these medical conditions may affect BMD. A total of 805 women out of 2,999 women who responded to advertisements agreed to participate. Of these, 708 women met all eligibility criteria and were included in the current analyses.

Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and parental consent was obtained for those <18 years of age. All participants received free well-woman care during participation in the study and were compensated for their time and travel to the clinic. The study received approval from the Institutional Review Board at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. In the present analyses, we included data collected for weight, height, current age, age at menarche, daily calcium intake, Quisinostat price tobacco and alcohol use, and participation in weight-bearing physical activities using information collected in the clinic on the day of the study visit. Body weight was measured with women wearing light indoor clothing using a digital

scale accurate to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was measured using a EPZ-6438 datasheet wall-mounted stadiometer (Heightronic, Snoqualmie, WA, USA) accurate to the nearest 0.001 m. BMI was calculated GSK2879552 as weight (kg) divided by the square of the height (m). Daily calcium intake (in milligram) was assessed in an interview conducted by a registered dietician who administered a 40-item calcium checklist [14]. To determine smoking status, use of tobacco was measured using questions from the MONICA Smoking Assessment [15]. Current smokers were those who reported either regular or occasional smoking, while nonsmokers were those women who currently do not smoke although they could have smoked in the past. Alcohol use was calculated from questions on the Diet History Questionnaire regarding how often subjects drank alcohol (either beer, wine or wine coolers,

or liquor or mixed drinks) Phospholipase D1 during the past 12 months and the amount usually consumed when drinking [16]. Weight-bearing physical activity was taken from a measure that included a list of 56 common activities, and questions on the frequency and duration of up to two physical activities performed during the past month. Kolle and colleagues have reported that the total number of minutes per week devoted to weight-bearing exercise(s) should include a medium (121–234 min) to high (235 min or more) level in order to positively impact BMD levels in reproductive-aged women [17]. Based on their findings, we categorized weight-bearing exercise into two groups including no exercise to light exercise (≤120 min/week) versus medium to high levels of exercise (≥121 min/week). Bone densitometry was conducted using DXA (Hologic QDR 4500W Elite fan-beam densitometer). Long-term accuracy of the instrument was assessed through the use of a phantom spine calibrated daily prior to the scanning of participants.

The putative Akkermansia muciniphilia was found in lung and in one caecum sample and is especially interesting as it is a mucin degrading bacterium and has been shown to influence gut mucus layer thickness [44]. Recently, it was reported that Akkermansia muciniphilia is present in BALB/c caecum but not in fecal samples. The overall BALB/c caecal microbiome found in our study is also confirmed with the dominant phyla being Firmicutes (69.99%) and Bacteroidetes (22.07%) [45]. The presence of Akkermansia muciniphilia in the lung mucus layer Lorlatinib datasheet could be of importance in asthma characterized by thickening of the epithelium and increased mucus Vismodegib in vivo production [46]. Most of the lung-associated bacteria that we identified

in Additional file 2: Table S2 could only be found in the

mouse lung and vagina samples but not in the caecum. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM were added to the list of interesting species because of their use as probiotic bacteria in various mouse models and humans, and it would be interesting to know whether or not these bacteria are present in an unchallenged model. We GSK872 nmr found OTUs matching Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and Lactobacillus reutieri the latter two not being on our list, in lung samples, but not in any caecum samples. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum have been found in ADAMTS5 human (meconium) and is regarded as one of the first colonisers

of the gut originating from the mother [36]. Several strains of Lactobacillus have been shown to modulate allergic pulmonary inflammation, whereas Lactobacillus reuteri has been shown to reduce inflammation in BALB/c mice [47, 48]. Impact on animal models of inflammatory lung disease The influence of gut microbiota on lung immunity has been vastly explored and several studies have linked changes in the gut microbiome with changes in lung immunity in mice [42, 49–51]. As it is becoming clear that the microbiome of the animal used in a particular model influences that animal’s immune status and ultimately affects the outcome of experiments, it is important to take precautions in the model design. Things known to influence gut microbiome composition in laboratory mice include probiotics, antibiotics, stress, handling, vendor/site of breeding and animal lineages [52–55] and it is possible that these factors will affect the lung microbiota as well. Most studies done on gut microbiota and lung immunity do not take lung residing bacteria into account when the data are interpreted. It is possible that the local lung effects seen could be the results of changes in the lung as well as in the gut. In our studies we always use age matched female mice from the same site of breeding (lot number) and distribution of the mice equally between groups as to avoid any littermate bias.

Also

the analyses of these meteorites’ diastereomer amino acids suggest that their precursor aldehydes carried enantiomeric excesses during the aqueous phase reactions that took place in the meteorites’ asteroidal parent bodies (Pizzarello et al., 2008). Cronin, J.R., Moore, C.B. and Pizzarello, S. (1980) Amino acids in six CM2 chondrites. Meteoritics, 55: 277. Oró, J. (1961). Comets and the formation of biochemical compounds on the primitive Earth. Nature, 190: 389–390. Pizzarello, S. (2006) The chemistry of life’s origin: A carbonaceous chondrite perspective. Acc. Chem. Res., 39: 231–237. Pizzarello, S., Cooper, G.W. and Flynn, G. (2006) in Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, D.S. Lauretta and H.Y. McSween Jr. eds., University of Arizona AG 14699 press, USA pp. 625–651. Pizzarello, S., Huang, Bindarit in vitro Y. and Alexandre, M.R. (2008) Molecular asymmetry in extraterrestrial chemistry: Insights from a pristine meteorite. PNAS, 105: 7300–7304. E-mail: pizzar@asu.​edu 3.45 Billion Year Old Stromatolite Reef of Western Australia: A Rich,

Large-Scale Record of Early Biota, Strategies and Habitats Abigail Allwood, Mark Anderson California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory The abundant, diverse and relatively well preserved stromatolites of the 3.45 billion year old Strelley Pool Formation, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, are a potentially rich cache of information about early life and ecosystems. A recent study showed that the stromatolites (laminated sedimentary structures of probable biological origin) formed an isolated peritidal carbonate buildup with attributes resembling a shallow marine microbial reef system (Allwood et al., 2006). However, critical small scale evidence of biological activity, such as Volasertib microfossils and microbial sedimentary fabrics, has remained elusive due to the destructive effects of chert and carbonate recrystallization. Such evidence is critical Dichloromethane dehalogenase to further test the hypothesis that

the stromatolites are biogenic; to understand the full range of primitive microbial biosignatures in order to inform the search for life on Mars; and perhaps to gain more detailed insight to the characteristics, capabilities and survival strategies of organisms on the early Earth. To overcome the pervasive recrystallization that has overprinted sedimentary fabrics in the Strelley Pool Formation stromatolites, we develop a novel method incorporating meso-scale X-ray fluorescence element mapping. A multi scalar sedimentological approach is adopted; integrating such factors as sedimentary fabrics and microfacies, facies assemblages, and depositional architecture of the host deposit. This yields significantly detailed new insights to the way the stromatolites formed.

Gels were electrophoresed at 60°C at 75 V for 15 h. Sybr Green I stained gels were

photographed and acquired by the Bio-Rad Gel Doc 2000 documentation system (Bio-Rad Laboratories). To compensate for internal distortions occurring during the electrophoresis, binding patterns LY411575 were digitally aligned using the Bionumerics software version 4.5 (Applied Maths, Belgium) by comparison with an external reference pattern obtained by appropriately mixing DGGE marker II, III and V (Nippon gene, Tokyo), depending on the gradient used. This normalization enabled comparison among DGGE profiles from different gels, provided that these were run under comparable denaturing and electrophoretic conditions. Comparison and cluster of profiles were carried out using the unweigthed pair-group method with the arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering algorithm based on the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) [25, 48] and resulted in a distance matrix. DGGE fragments from primers Lac1 and Lac2 were cut out using sterile scalpel.

The DNA of each band was eluted in 100 μl of sterile water overnight at 4°C. Two μl of the eluted DNA were reamplified as described above. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 1.5% (wt/vol) agarose gel (Gibco BRL, France) stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 μg/ml). The amplicons were eluted from gel and purified by the GFXTM PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Milan, Italy). DNA sequencing reactions were performed by MWG Biotech ifenprodil AG (Ebersberg, Germany). Sequences were

compared to buy EPZ-6438 the GenBank database with the BLAST program. Enumeration of cultivable bacteria Diluted faecal samples (20 g) were mixed with 80 ml sterilized peptone water and homogenized. Counts of viable bacterial cell were carried out as described by Macfarlane et al. [45, 49] The following selective media were used: MRS agar (lactobacilli); Beerens agar (bifidobacteria); Baird-Parker (staphylococci and micrococci); Blood Azide agar (enterococci); Wilkins-Chalgren agar (total anaerobes); Wilkins-Chalgren agar plus GN selective supplements (Bacteroides, Porphyromonas and Prevotella); Reinforced Clostridial Medium supplemented with 8 mg/l novobiocin, 8 mg/l colistin (Clostridium), MacConkey agar No2 (enterobacteria); and nutrient agar (total anaerobes) [50]. Lactic acid bacteria isolation Fifteen to twenty colonies of presumptive lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the highest plate dilutions of MRS and Blood Azide agar media. Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile rods and cocci isolates were cultivated in MRS or Blood Azide broth (Oxoid Ltd) at 30, 37 or 42°C for 24 h, and re-streaked into the same agar media. All isolates considered for further analyses learn more showed the capacity of acidifying the liquid culture medium. All cultures were stored at -80°C in 10% (vol/vol) glycerol.

For this purpose we compared sequences that had been grouped into phylotypes using DOTUR (99% identity) and assigned identities with MegaBLAST (see Additional file 1). While we were often able to observe statistically significant this website differences between individual phylotypes in single patients (data not shown) we were unable to detect a specific or recurring pattern or identify disease-specific phylotypes.

Recently, a reduction in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has been implicated in Savolitinib solubility dmso CD aetiology [31, 42]. We did not observe a difference in F. prausnitzii proportional abundance between healthy and IBD patients but found that, when looking at paired biopsies from individual IBD patients, this species was almost always reduced in inflamed click here versus non-inflamed tissue. This trend did not reach statistical significance however. Species-level analysis also failed to identify any pathogenic species that have been previously associated with IBD such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis,

Yersinia spp or Listeria spp. [43]. We did recover E. coli/Shigella spp. from many CD samples but as 16S rRNA gene sequence data does not provide enough resolution to differentiate between commensal and pathogenic strains we could not determine whether or not these species were pathogenic. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD [44] but we recovered only one SRB sequence, which had greater than 99% identity to Desulfovibrio piger, and this was detected in one of the non-IBD Isotretinoin control patients. Discussion To our knowledge, this is one of the largest clone library studies investigating the microbiota in IBD. In contrast to an earlier study by Frank et al., [30], which examined a smaller number of clones from a large number of patients, we sought instead to add to current knowledge by obtaining a higher

resolution of the IBD-associated microbiota with particular emphasis placed on observing differences between inflamed and non-inflamed colon sites in the same patients. This was inevitably done in a smaller number of patients and samples because of the depth of molecular analysis required for each sample. Our in-depth clone library analysis, utilizing the resolving power of near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed significant differences in diversity and composition between the mucosal microbiota of healthy patients and IBD sufferers. The results also suggest a tendency towards a reduction in Firmicutes and an increase in Bacteroidetes species in IBD patients compared to controls and also indicate that there is an increase in Enterobacteriaceae in CD. Similar shifts in composition, in either one or all of these groups, have been reported by other investigators using both culture [22] and a variety of molecular techniques [29, 31, 45–55].

Multiplication (staining index) of intensity and percentage scores was utilized to determine the result. A staining index of ≥6 was defined as high expression, while <6 was defined as low expression [7]. On the another hand, HER2/neu was evaluated as positive when over 10% of tumor cells

exhibited stained consecutive membranes. Unified standards were employed when evaluating estrogen receptors (ERs) and Progesterone receptors (PRs) that exceeded 10% of tumor cells, as shown in the stained nucleus. Statistical analysis Analyses were performed using the SPSS 17.0 Selleckchem Ivacaftor software package (Chicago, IL, USA). The relation between CXCR4, CCR7, EGFR, and clinicopathologic characteristics were tested via Pearson χ2 analysis. The same method

was employed to test associations between these biomarkers and biologic-prognostic Selleckchem OICR-9429 characteristics, such as ER, PR, and HER-2/neu expression. Correlations between two variables were evaluated by Spearman’s rank correlation test. P-values < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Overall survival (OS) was estimated through the Kaplan-Meier method and was compared between groups through the log-rank test. Results BTSA1 Characteristics of patients and expression of biomarkers in primary tumors Patient and primary tumor characteristics are presented in Table 1. Samples included 200 patients, among which 100 developed lymph node metastasis while 100 did not. Median age was determined at 51 years (37-74). Thirty-nine patients (19.5%) were diagnosed with stage I cancer, 138 (69%) with stage II, 20 (10%) with stage III, and three (1.5%) with stage IV. Table 1 Correlation between biomarkers and primary tumor characteristics   CXCR4 cytoplasmic expression CXCR4 nuclear expression CCR7 expression EGFR expression   Low High P Low High P Low Cytidine deaminase High P Low High P   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   age     .842     .409     .169     .299 <50 43 51   38 56   37 57   49 45   ≥50 47 59   49 57   52 54   63 43   tumor size     .539     .106     .945     .525

D≤2 27 41   36 32   31 37   38 30   2 50 56   39 67   46 60   62 44   D>5 13 13   12 14   12 14   12 14   grade     .068     .985     .786     .030* I 6 8   6 8   6 8   9 5   II 59 73   58 74   61 71   81 51   III 25 29   23 31   22 32   22 32   stage     .148     .052     .086     .088 I 22 17   23 16   23 16   22 17   II 61 77   58 80   60 78   82 56   III 7 13   6 14   5 15   8 12   IV 0 3   0 3   1 2   0 3   LN     <.001**     .199     <.001**     .046* negative 59 41   48 52   59 41   63 37   positive 31 69   39 61   30 70   49 51   N     .437     .534     .341     .770 N≤3 11 30   18 23   10 31   21 20   3 11 16   11 16   11 16   14 13   N>10 9 23   10 22   9 23   14 18   ER     .256     .117     .319     .087 negative 49 51   49 51   48 52   50 50   positive 41 59   38 62   41 59   62 38   PR     .115     .084     .249     .

This stemmed from a combined effort of the Trauma Group and Preventive Medicine Department to raise funds to develop a specific registry studying the mechanisms of RTCs and use of safety devices with detailed information of RTCs on a sound database. The RTC registry led to a better understanding of road traffic collisions and their impact on the country [9, 10]. Secondly, the equally alarming high rate of work-related injuries led to collaboration with a Preventive Medicine team who helped with refining of data elements of the trauma registry to include data important for research in trauma prevention [11–13]. This also led to an understanding that ongoing involvement of

researchers with specific interest in community medicine is an essential component of trauma prevention. The trauma Evofosfamide ic50 registry helped to promote trauma awareness and management in the minds of clinicians. As a result of collaboration OSI-906 supplier with Preventive Medicine specialists,

the registry was modified to contain important information on injury prevention. In addition, several unnecessary variables related to management were removed. Furthermore, and as a result of extensive user needs analysis, the registry interface was also redesigned to be easier to navigate and more user-friendly in general. For data entry, the tabbed design was used to categorize related items of interest and this has proven Chloroambucil to be the quickest and easiest data entry method. The relational database design was rechecked and modified accordingly. Discussion We were able to establish a Trauma Registry at Al-Ain Hospital. This was possible with support a research grant from the UAE University. Trauma registries need to be an integral part of health informatics data collection. Such Registries are valuable tools for identifying considerations that require implementation of quality improvement policy and are essential for much needed progress in the health care system [14]. Our

early analysis has shown that road traffic collisions caused 34.2% of the injuries while work-related injuries were responsible for 26.2% which has helped us to focus on these two important areas in our community. Several detailed analyses have emerged later from the registry related to RTC or occupational injuries. A study based on the RTC registry data regarding the selleck screening library driver’s pre-incident behavior and mechanism of injury defined the seatbelt compliance to be very low (25%). Front impact and rollover collisions were the most common mechanisms of injury, and only 16% of the drivers were distracted prior to having the crash [10]. Another RTC analysis on factors affecting mortality in RTC found that head injury is the major factor affecting mortality, followed by injury severity and hypotension [9].

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